PMID- 30390529 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20190118 LR - 20190118 IS - 1090-2414 (Electronic) IS - 0147-6513 (Linking) VI - 168 DP - 2019 Jan 30 TI - Measurement of legacy and emerging flame retardants in indoor dust from a rural village (Kopawa) in Nepal: Implication for source apportionment and health risk assessment. PG - 304-314 LID - S0147-6513(18)31101-1 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.089 [doi] AB - Under the Stockholm Convention, signatory countries are obliged to direct source inventories, find current sources, and provide ecological monitoring evidence to guarantee that the encompassing levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are declining. However, such monitoring of different types of POPs are to a great degree constrained in most developing countries including Nepal and are primarily confined to suspected source area/ densely populated regions. In this study, 9 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 2 dechlorane plus (DPs), 6 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and 8 organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs) were investigated in indoor dust from a rural area (Kopawa) in Nepal in order to evaluate their occurrence/level, profile, spatial distribution and their sources. Additionally, health risk exposure was estimated to anticipate the possible health risk to the local population. The results showed that OPFRs was the most abundant FR measured in the dust. The concentration of summation operator(8)OPFRs was about 2, 3 and 4 orders of magnitude higher than the summation operator(6)NBFRs, summation operator(9)PBDEs, and summation operator(2)DPs, respectively. Tris (methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP) and Tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) were the most abundant OPFRs analyzed in the dust; while decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) exceeded among NBFRs. Likewise, 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabromodiphenylether (BDE-209) was the most identified chemical among PBDEs. The total organic carbon (TOC) content in dust was significantly and positively connected with octa-BDEs (Rho = 0.615, p < 0.01), BTBPE (Rho = 0.733, p < 0.01), TPHP (Rho = 0.621, p < 0.01), TEHP (Rho = 0.560, p < 0.01) and TMPPs (Rho = 0.550, p < 0.01), while black carbon (BC) was either weakly related or not related, suggesting little or no impact of BC in the distribution of FRs. Principal component analysis indicated the contribution from commercial penta-, octa- and deca-BDEs formulation, the adhesive substance, food packaging and paints, and degradation of BDE-209 as the essential sources of FRs. Health risk exposure estimates showed that dermal absorption via dust as the primary route of FRs intake. The estimated daily exposure of PBDEs, NBFRs and OPFRs were 2-10 orders of magnitude lower than their corresponding reference dose (RfD), suggesting insignificant risk. However, other routes such as inhalation and dietary intake might still be significant in the case of Kopawa which should be tested in future. CI - Copyright (c) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FAU - Yadav, Ishwar Chandra AU - Yadav IC AD - State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo 1838509, Japan. FAU - Devi, Ningombam Linthoingambi AU - Devi NL AD - Centre for Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, SH-7, Gaya-Panchanpur, Post-Fatehpur, P.S-Tekari, District-Gaya 824236, Bihar, India. FAU - Singh, Vipin Kumar AU - Singh VK AD - Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India. FAU - Li, Jun AU - Li J AD - State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China. FAU - Zhang, Gan AU - Zhang G AD - State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China. LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20181101 PL - Netherlands TA - Ecotoxicol Environ Saf JT - Ecotoxicology and environmental safety JID - 7805381 RN - 0 (Bromobenzenes) RN - 0 (Dust) RN - 0 (Flame Retardants) RN - 0 (Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers) RN - 0 (Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated) RN - 0 (Organophosphates) RN - 0 (Polycyclic Compounds) RN - 0 (Soot) RN - 0 (decabromodiphenyl ethane) RN - 0 (dechlorane plus) RN - N80BQ29A0H (decabromobiphenyl ether) SB - IM MH - Air Pollution, Indoor/*analysis MH - Bromobenzenes/analysis MH - Dust/*analysis MH - Environmental Exposure/analysis MH - *Environmental Monitoring MH - Flame Retardants/*analysis MH - Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/analysis MH - Humans MH - Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/analysis MH - Nepal MH - Organophosphates/analysis MH - Polycyclic Compounds/analysis MH - Principal Component Analysis MH - Risk Assessment MH - Soot/analysis OTO - NOTNLM OT - Brominated flame retardants OT - Consumer materials OT - Health risk exposure OT - House dust OT - Nepal OT - Organophosphate esters EDAT- 2018/11/06 06:00 MHDA- 2019/01/19 06:00 CRDT- 2018/11/04 06:00 PHST- 2018/09/01 00:00 [received] PHST- 2018/10/21 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2018/10/24 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2018/11/06 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2019/01/19 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2018/11/04 06:00 [entrez] AID - S0147-6513(18)31101-1 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.089 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019 Jan 30;168:304-314. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.089. Epub 2018 Nov 1.