PMID- 30405079
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20200929
IS  - 2304-8158 (Print)
IS  - 2304-8158 (Electronic)
IS  - 2304-8158 (Linking)
VI  - 7
IP  - 11
DP  - 2018 Nov 7
TI  - Evaluation of 99 Pesticide Residues in Major Agricultural Products from the 
      Western Highlands Zone of Cameroon Using QuEChERS Method Extraction and LC-MS/MS 
      and GC-ECD Analyses.
LID - 10.3390/foods7110184 [doi]
LID - 184
AB  - There is no information available on pesticide residue levels in major food 
      commodities harvested in Cameroon, especially from the western highlands region, 
      the food basket of the country. Hence, this study evaluated the residues of 99 
      pesticides in 72 samples of 12 agricultural products collected in the region, 
      using QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) method 
      extraction, and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry 
      (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). This 
      method was suitable for detecting the targeted compounds: For 81 pesticides by 
      LC-MS/MS, the limit of quantification (LOQ) was between 0.0004 and 0.0537 mg/kg; 
      and for 18 halogenated pesticides by GC-ECD, it ranged from 0.0012 to 0.2180 
      mg/kg. The residues of 62 pesticides, including 12 banned compounds, were found 
      in the samples. Insecticides (39.7%) were the most prevalent group, with all the 
      samples containing at least one pesticide. Twenty-one pesticides (34.4%) exceeded 
      their European Union maximum residue limits (MRLs) and 22 pesticides (34.4%) were 
      found in all 6 sampling locations. Malathion and p,p'-DDT were the most 
      distributed pesticides, found in almost all the samples and sampling sites. Food 
      items with the highest rates of positive results were chili pepper (23.2%), white 
      pepper (20.2%), kidney beans (17.3%), and soybeans (17.2%). Samples with residues 
      above their MRLs represented 38% of all the positive analyses; chili pepper 
      (6.4%) and kidney beans (5.5%) were found to have the most residues above their 
      MRLs. The most critical food commodities were kidney beans, soybeans, chili 
      pepper, and maize. This data presents scientific evidence that investigation into 
      continuous monitoring and good regulation of pesticide usage in Cameroon is 
      needed, and paves the way for health risks analysis.
FAU - Galani, Joseph H Y
AU  - Galani JHY
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4841-7414
AD  - Department of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Universite des Montagnes, P.O. 
      Box 208, Bangangte, Cameroon. josephgalani@gmail.com.
AD  - Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent 
      University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. josephgalani@gmail.com.
FAU - Houbraken, Michael
AU  - Houbraken M
AD  - Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent 
      University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. michael.houbraken@ugent.be.
FAU - Wumbei, Abukari
AU  - Wumbei A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7349-6420
AD  - Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent 
      University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. abukari.wumbei@ugent.be.
FAU - Djeugap, Joseph F
AU  - Djeugap JF
AD  - Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, 
      University of Dschang, P.O. Box 222, Dschang, Cameroon. jdjeugapfovo@yahoo.fr.
FAU - Fotio, Daniel
AU  - Fotio D
AD  - Inter-States Pesticides Committee of Central Africa, P.O. Box 16344, Yaounde, 
      Cameroon. danfotio@yahoo.co.uk.
FAU - Spanoghe, Pieter
AU  - Spanoghe P
AD  - Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent 
      University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. pieter.spanoghe@ugent.be.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20181107
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Foods
JT  - Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101670569
PMC - PMC6262625
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Cameroon
OT  - QuEChERS method
OT  - food safety
OT  - pesticide residues
OT  - staple food
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2018/11/09 06:00
MHDA- 2018/11/09 06:01
PMCR- 2018/11/07
CRDT- 2018/11/09 06:00
PHST- 2018/10/17 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2018/11/05 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2018/11/06 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2018/11/09 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2018/11/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/11/09 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2018/11/07 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - foods7110184 [pii]
AID - foods-07-00184 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/foods7110184 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Foods. 2018 Nov 7;7(11):184. doi: 10.3390/foods7110184.