PMID- 30414030
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20190211
LR  - 20210109
IS  - 1614-7499 (Electronic)
IS  - 0944-1344 (Linking)
VI  - 26
IP  - 1
DP  - 2019 Jan
TI  - Monitoring polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans and dioxin-like 
      polychlorinated biphenyls in Africa since the implementation of the Stockholm 
      Convention-an overview.
PG  - 101-113
LID - 10.1007/s11356-018-3629-z [doi]
AB  - Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), 
      and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (dl-PCB) are groups of toxic compounds 
      released into the environment as unintentional by-products of combustion. They 
      persist, bioaccumulate through the food chain, and cause adverse health effects. 
      This review attempts to collate available information on the release of PCDD/Fs 
      and dl-PCBs and other critical data relevant to their monitoring in Africa during 
      the existence of the Stockholm Convention (SC). Much as the implementation of the 
      SC may be lagging, literature showed that there has been encouraging efforts that 
      have been made with respect to PCDDs/Fs and dl-PCBs monitoring in Africa. Results 
      from a global monitoring study showed that PCDD/Fs released to air in Africa 
      stood at 18-532 fg WHO(98) TEQ/M(3) while dl-PCBs were 7-278 fg WHO(98) TEQ/m(3). 
      In human milk, the total concentration of PCDD/Fs, i.e., WHO 2005 TEQ LB has been 
      reported to range from 0.5 ng/g fat to 12 ng/g fat. Fourteen laboratories in 
      Africa participated in inter-laboratory assessments of persistent organic 
      pollutants (POPs) with two specifically for PCDD/Fs analysis. This shows that 
      some efforts are being made to boost capacity in Africa. Levels of PCDDs/Fs and 
      dl-PCBs in clay consumed by pregnant women have been reported in Cameroon, 
      Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Cote d'Ivoire, and Uganda 
      with a maximum concentration of 103 pg TEQ/g. This finding was very significant 
      since women are the most impacted through exposure to POPs, a fact that is 
      acknowledged by the SC.
FAU - Pius, Christina
AU  - Pius C
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Mkwawa University College of Education, P.O Box 2513, 
      Iringa, Tanzania.
FAU - Sichilongo, Kwenga
AU  - Sichilongo K
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2965-3067
AD  - Department of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Faculty of Science, 00704, 
      Gaborone, Botswana. kwenga.sichilongo@mopipi.ub.bw.
FAU - Koosaletse Mswela, Pulane
AU  - Koosaletse Mswela P
AD  - Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana Faculty of Science, 
      00704, Gaborone, Botswana.
FAU - Dikinya, Oagile
AU  - Dikinya O
AD  - Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana Faculty of Science, 
      00704, Gaborone, Botswana.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20181109
PL  - Germany
TA  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
JT  - Environmental science and pollution research international
JID - 9441769
RN  - 0 (Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated)
RN  - 0 (Environmental Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins)
RN  - DFC2HB4I0K (Polychlorinated Biphenyls)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Africa
MH  - Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated/*analysis
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/*methods
MH  - Environmental Pollutants/*analysis
MH  - Female
MH  - Food Chain
MH  - Humans
MH  - Milk, Human/chemistry
MH  - Polychlorinated Biphenyls/*analysis
MH  - Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/*analysis
MH  - Pregnancy
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Africa
OT  - PCDD/Fs
OT  - POPs
OT  - Stockholm
OT  - Stockholm Convention
OT  - dl-PCBs
EDAT- 2018/11/11 06:00
MHDA- 2019/02/12 06:00
CRDT- 2018/11/11 06:00
PHST- 2018/09/07 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2018/10/29 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2018/11/11 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/02/12 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2018/11/11 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1007/s11356-018-3629-z [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s11356-018-3629-z [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Jan;26(1):101-113. doi: 
      10.1007/s11356-018-3629-z. Epub 2018 Nov 9.