PMID- 30440017
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20190422
LR  - 20190422
IS  - 1932-6203 (Electronic)
IS  - 1932-6203 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 11
DP  - 2018
TI  - Sex-based differences in speed, sub-technique selection, and kinematic patterns 
      during low- and high-intensity training for classical cross-country skiing.
PG  - e0207195
LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0207195 [doi]
LID - e0207195
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We investigated sex-based differences in speed, sub-technique 
      selection, and kinematic patterns during low- (LIT) and high-intensity training 
      (HIT) for classical cross-country (XC) skiing across varying terrain. METHODS: 
      Six male and six female elite XC skiers with an approximately 15% differences in 
      VO2max (men: 68.9+/-2.9 mL.min-1.kg-1, women: 60.1+/-3.3 mL.min-1.kg-1) were 
      monitored using a multi-sensor system to collect time-synchronised data of heart 
      rate, speed, and multiple tri-axial inertial measurements units while XC skiing 
      on a 5-km competition track. RESULTS: Men skied 21% faster than women during HIT 
      (5.9+/-0.3 m.s-1 vs. 4.9+/-0.2 m.s-1, P < .001), with the greatest difference (26%) 
      while skiing on flat terrain, whereas skiing speed did not significantly differ 
      between men and women during LIT. At similar instructed intensity and rating of 
      perceived effort, women exhibited significantly higher relative heart rate (85+/-2% 
      vs. 71+/-3% of maximum) and blood lactate levels (4.0+/-1.3 vs. 1.2+/-0.2 mmol/L) 
      during LIT (all P < .001) than men, whereas physiological responses did generally 
      not differ between the sexes during HIT. During both intensities and among both 
      sexes, double poling (DP) was the sub-technique most used relative to distance, 
      followed by miscellaneous sub-techniques (MISC), diagonal stride (DIA), kick 
      double poling (DK) and herringbone (HRB). In relation to distance women used DIA 
      more than men during LIT (22% vs. 17%, P = .009) and HIT (23% vs. 12%, P = .001), 
      whereas men used MISC, including tucking and turning, more than women during LIT 
      (39% vs. 25%, P = .017) and HIT (41% vs. 30%, P = .064). In particular, men used 
      DP more than women while skiing the uphill sections during both LIT (24% vs. 11%, 
      P = .015) and HIT (39% vs. 13%, P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide 
      novel insights into sex-based differences in speed, sub-technique selection, and 
      kinematic patterns during LIT and HIT for classical skiing.
FAU - Solli, Guro Strom
AU  - Solli GS
AD  - Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Bodo, 
      Norway.
AD  - Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement 
      Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
FAU - Kocbach, Jan
AU  - Kocbach J
AD  - Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement 
      Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
AD  - Christian Michelsen Research, Bergen, Norway.
FAU - Seeberg, Trine M
AU  - Seeberg TM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6801-3842
AD  - SINTEF DIGITAL, Blindern, Oslo, Norway.
FAU - Tjonnas, Johannes
AU  - Tjonnas J
AD  - SINTEF DIGITAL, Blindern, Oslo, Norway.
FAU - Rindal, Ole Marius Hoel
AU  - Rindal OMH
AD  - Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement 
      Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
FAU - Haugnes, Pal
AU  - Haugnes P
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0497-6230
AD  - Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement 
      Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
FAU - Torvik, Per Oyvind
AU  - Torvik PO
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8120-9222
AD  - Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Bodo, 
      Norway.
FAU - Sandbakk, Oyvind
AU  - Sandbakk O
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9014-5152
AD  - Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement 
      Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
LA  - eng
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20181115
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS One
JT  - PloS one
JID - 101285081
SB  - IM
MH  - Athletes
MH  - *Athletic Performance/physiology
MH  - Biomechanical Phenomena
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - *Sex Characteristics
MH  - *Skiing/physiology
MH  - Young Adult
PMC - PMC6237352
COIS- I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the 
      following competing interests: The Empower project is supported in part by 
      Madshus. The Forsprang 2018 project is supported in part by IDT. There are no 
      patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not 
      alter our adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
EDAT- 2018/11/16 06:00
MHDA- 2019/04/23 06:00
PMCR- 2018/11/15
CRDT- 2018/11/16 06:00
PHST- 2018/07/04 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2018/10/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2018/11/16 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2018/11/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/04/23 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2018/11/15 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PONE-D-18-19849 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0207195 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS One. 2018 Nov 15;13(11):e0207195. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207195. 
      eCollection 2018.