PMID- 30502598 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20190611 LR - 20190613 IS - 1873-6750 (Electronic) IS - 0160-4120 (Linking) VI - 123 DP - 2019 Feb TI - Perfluoroalkyl acids in drinking water of China in 2017: Distribution characteristics, influencing factors and potential risks. PG - 87-95 LID - S0160-4120(18)31613-1 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.036 [doi] AB - Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are a group of emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which have been ubiquitously detected in the environmental media. However, national scale investigations on their occurrence and distribution in drinking water are still insufficient. In this study, we detected the 17 priority PFAAs in drinking water from 79 cities of 31 provincial-level administrative regions throughout China, and investigated their occurrence and distribution. Additionally, we also analyzed the influencing factors on their profiles, such as the existence of industrial sources, socioeconomic factors (population density and GDP), and assessed levels of risk associated with contaminated drinking water. On the national scale, the sum concentrations of the 17 PFAAs ( summation operator(17)PFAAs) in drinking water was in a range of 4.49-174.93 ng/L with a mean value of 35.13 ng/L. Among the 17 individual PFAAs, perfluorobutanoic acids (PFBA) was the most abundant individual PFAAs with the median concentration of 17.87 ng/L, followed by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, 0.74 ng/L), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA, 0.40 ng/L) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS, 0.25 ng/L). The geographic distribution characteristic of summation operator(17)PFAAs in drinking water was in a descending order of Southwestern China (57.67 ng/L) > Eastern coastal China (32.85 ng/L) > Middle China (29.89 ng/L) > Northwestern China (28.49 ng/L) > Northeastern China (22.03 ng/L), and in general, the existence of the industrial sources could positively affect the contamination levels of PFAAs in drinking water. The pollution level of PFAAs in drinking water also varied among the three different city levels (medium-sized city > big city > town). In towns, the positive correlations were observed between the population density and the summation operator(17)PFAAs (R(2) = 0.45, p < 0.01), and the individual concentration of PFHxA, PFBS, and PFOA (p < 0.01). Moreover, besides PFAAs in Yunnan, Jiangsu, and Jiangxi, concentrations of related PFAAs in drinking water from 28 provinces were less than the suggested drinking water advisories. The relatively higher concentrations of PFAAs in Yunnan, Jiangsu, and Jiangxi suggest that further studies focusing on their sources and potential health risk to humans are needed. CI - Copyright (c) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. FAU - Li, Yuna AU - Li Y AD - MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China. FAU - Li, Jiafu AU - Li J AD - School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. FAU - Zhang, Lifen AU - Zhang L AD - MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China. FAU - Huang, Zhiping AU - Huang Z AD - MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China. FAU - Liu, Yunqing AU - Liu Y AD - School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. FAU - Wu, Nan AU - Wu N AD - School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. FAU - He, Jiahui AU - He J AD - School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. FAU - Zhang, Zhaozhao AU - Zhang Z AD - School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. FAU - Zhang, Ying AU - Zhang Y AD - MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China. Electronic address: zhangying@nankai.edu.cn. FAU - Niu, Zhiguang AU - Niu Z AD - School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. Electronic address: nzg@tju.edu.cn. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20181128 PL - Netherlands TA - Environ Int JT - Environment international JID - 7807270 RN - 0 (Alkanesulfonic Acids) RN - 0 (Caprylates) RN - 0 (Drinking Water) RN - 0 (Fluorocarbons) RN - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical) RN - 375-22-4 (perfluorobutyric acid) RN - 947VD76D3L (perfluorooctanoic acid) RN - 9H2MAI21CL (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid) SB - IM MH - Alkanesulfonic Acids/analysis MH - Caprylates/analysis MH - China MH - Cities MH - Drinking Water/*chemistry MH - *Environmental Monitoring MH - Fluorocarbons/*analysis MH - Humans MH - Risk Assessment MH - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis OTO - NOTNLM OT - China geographical distribution OT - Drinking water OT - Occurrence OT - PFAAs OT - Risk assessment OT - Socioeconomic factors EDAT- 2018/12/05 06:00 MHDA- 2019/06/14 06:00 CRDT- 2018/12/04 06:00 PHST- 2018/07/24 00:00 [received] PHST- 2018/11/14 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2018/11/14 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2018/12/05 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2019/06/14 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2018/12/04 06:00 [entrez] AID - S0160-4120(18)31613-1 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.036 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Environ Int. 2019 Feb;123:87-95. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.036. Epub 2018 Nov 28.