PMID- 30502809
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20191028
LR  - 20211204
IS  - 1878-1470 (Electronic)
IS  - 1568-9883 (Linking)
VI  - 80
DP  - 2018 Dec
TI  - Cryptic diversity within the Scytonema complex: Characterization of the paralytic 
      shellfish toxin producer Heterosyctonema crispum, and the establishment of the 
      family Heteroscytonemataceae (Cyanobacteria/Nostocales).
PG  - 158-170
LID - S1568-9883(18)30160-4 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.002 [doi]
AB  - Strains of the freshwater filamentous, benthic cyanobacterium Scytonema crispum 
      Agardh isolated from six sites in subtropical south-east Queensland were 
      characterised using a combination of phenotypic and genetic traits. 
      Morphologically, the strains were consistent with the description of 
      Scytonemataceae sensu stricto, and the description of Scytonema crispum. However, 
      phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, the 16S-23S rRNA operon, and the nifH 
      gene revealed that these strains and three others from outside Australia formed a 
      monophyletic clade distinct from Scytonema and other species in the 
      Scytonemataceae. Collectively, this data suggests this group is sufficiently 
      evolutionarily distinct to be placed in a new family, Heteroscytonemataceae fam. 
      nov. Accordingly, the taxon previously known as S. crispum has been transferred 
      to a new genus Heteroscytonema gen nov., as H. crispum. Some strains of H. 
      crispum exhibited facultative production of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). 
      The concentration of PSTs produced by individual strains varied widely, from 
      2.7 mug g(-1) to 171.3 mug g(-1), and included C toxins, decarbamoyl saxitoxin 
      (dcSTX), gonyautoxins (GTX2, GTX3 and GTX5), saxitoxin (STX) and uncharacterised 
      PSTs. The majority of the Australian strains produced dcSTX as the dominant 
      saxitoxin analogue, a significant finding given that dcSTX has approximately half 
      the relative toxicity of STX. The PST profile varied within and between 
      Australian strains of H. crispum and in strains collected from New Zealand and 
      the United States. The sxtA gene, one of the determinants for the production of 
      PSTs, was present in all strains in which PSTs were detected. The discovery of 
      PST-producing H. crispum in the headwaters of a major drinking water reservoir 
      presents a serious risk for potential human and animal exposure to these 
      neurotoxic compounds and further highlights the importance of monitoring benthic 
      cyanobacteria populations for potentially toxigenic species.
CI  - Crown Copyright (c) 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Sendall, Barbara C
AU  - Sendall BC
AD  - Queensland Department of Health, Forensic and Scientific Services, 39 Kessels 
      Road, Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia. Electronic address: 
      Barbara.Sendall@health.qld.gov.au.
FAU - McGregor, Glenn B
AU  - McGregor GB
AD  - Queensland Department of Environment and Science, GPO Box 5078 Brisbane Qld 4001, 
      Australia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20181123
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Harmful Algae
JT  - Harmful algae
JID - 101128968
RN  - 0 (Bacterial Toxins)
RN  - 0 (Cyanobacteria Toxins)
RN  - 0 (Marine Toxins)
RN  - 0 (Microcystins)
RN  - 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S)
RN  - 35523-89-8 (Saxitoxin)
SB  - IM
EIN - Harmful Algae. 2020 Mar;93:101568. PMID: 32307063
MH  - Bacterial Toxins/*metabolism
MH  - Biodiversity
MH  - Cyanobacteria/*classification/metabolism
MH  - Cyanobacteria Toxins
MH  - Marine Toxins/*metabolism
MH  - Microcystins/*metabolism
MH  - *Phylogeny
MH  - Queensland
MH  - RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
MH  - Saxitoxin/analysis/chemistry
MH  - Sequence Analysis, DNA
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - 16S rRNA
OT  - Benthic
OT  - Paralytic shellfish toxins
OT  - Phylogeny
OT  - Saxitoxin
OT  - Taxonomy
EDAT- 2018/12/07 06:00
MHDA- 2019/10/29 06:00
CRDT- 2018/12/04 06:00
PHST- 2018/07/26 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2018/10/15 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2018/11/01 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2018/12/04 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2018/12/07 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/10/29 06:00 [medline]
AID - S1568-9883(18)30160-4 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.002 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Harmful Algae. 2018 Dec;80:158-170. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.002. Epub 2018 Nov 
      23.