PMID- 30524833
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220330
IS  - 2156-9614 (Electronic)
IS  - 2156-9614 (Linking)
VI  - 7
IP  - 15
DP  - 2017 Sep
TI  - Assessment of Dioxin and Furan Emission Levels and Management Practices in Addis 
      Ababa, Ethiopia.
PG  - 85-94
LID - 10.5696/2156-9614-7.15.85 [doi]
AB  - INTRODUCTION: An increase in population and related increased demand for health 
      services, expansion of industries, and increasing transportation demands have 
      increased the emission of dioxin and furan persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 
      in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify sources of 
      dioxin and furan emissions, quantify their release into various environmental 
      medias and assess related management practices. METHODS: The standard United 
      Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) (2005) toolkit guide and default emission 
      factor were used to identify the main anthropogenic sources and to quantify the 
      amount of released dioxin and furan. Stratified random sampling techniques were 
      applied to assess current management practices. RESULTS: Nine main groups of 
      dioxin and furan emission sources were identified. The emission of each source 
      group was calculated by the activity rate data multiplied by an emission factor. 
      The results found that about 138.85 g toxic equivalent(TEQ)/a(TEQ/year)of dioxin 
      and furan were released to air, water, residue (materials remaining as sludge 
      after sewage treatment or in the form of ash after incineration activity) and 
      soil. Waste disposal activities recorded the largest release of dioxin and furan, 
      accounting for 68.30 g TEQ/a of dioxin and furan to water and residue, 34.00 g 
      TEQ/a to air and 0.64 g TEQ/a emitted into soil. CONCLUSIONS: Several sources of 
      dioxin and furan emission were identified and the present study found that their 
      management is inadequate. Waste disposal services are especially inadequate and 
      generate higher amounts of dioxin and furan gasses. In addition, the 
      organizations that are responsible for the release of dioxin and furan have no 
      awareness of their release and inadequate management practices. The present study 
      points to the need for reformulation of the national legal management framework, 
      adoption of best available technology for disposal services such as incinerators 
      with flue gas management, increasing public and stakeholders' awareness and 
      participation and capacitating the responsible government organizations.
FAU - Akele, Ephrem Sisay
AU  - Akele ES
AD  - Addis Ababa City Solid Waste Recycling and Disposal Project office, Addis Ababa, 
      Ethiopia.
FAU - Tarekegn, Mekonnen Maschal
AU  - Tarekegn MM
AD  - Environment and Climate Change Management (ECCM) Department, Ethiopian Civil 
      Service University, P.O.Box 26148; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20170907
PL  - United States
TA  - J Health Pollut
JT  - Journal of health & pollution
JID - 101690849
PMC - PMC6236542
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - POPs
OT  - Stockholm Convention
OT  - persistent organic pollutant
OT  - polychlorinated dibenzo dioxin
OT  - polychlorinated dibenzo furans
COIS- Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests
EDAT- 2017/09/07 00:00
MHDA- 2017/09/07 00:01
PMCR- 2017/09/07
CRDT- 2018/12/08 06:00
PHST- 2017/04/05 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2017/08/07 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2018/12/08 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2017/09/07 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/09/07 00:01 [medline]
PHST- 2017/09/07 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.5696/2156-9614-7.15.85 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - J Health Pollut. 2017 Sep 7;7(15):85-94. doi: 10.5696/2156-9614-7.15.85. 
      eCollection 2017 Sep.