PMID- 30588081 OWN - NLM STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE LR - 20231005 IS - 1178-7090 (Print) IS - 1178-7090 (Electronic) IS - 1178-7090 (Linking) VI - 12 DP - 2019 TI - Cytokine production capabilities of human primary monocyte-derived macrophages from patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 with and without diabetic peripheral neuropathy. PG - 69-81 LID - 10.2147/JPR.S186372 [doi] AB - INTRODUCTION: Monocytes from patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) are dysfunctional, persistently primed, and prone to a proinflammatory phenotype. This may alter the phenotype of their differentiation to macrophages and result in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), nerve damage, nerve sensitization, and chronic pain. We have previously demonstrated that CD163 is a molecule that promotes an anti-inflammatory cellular phenotype in human primary macrophages, but this has not been proven in macrophages from patients with DM2 or DPN. Thus, we hypothesize that macrophages from patients with DM2 or DPN display an altered proinflammatory functional phenotype related to cytokine production and that the induction of CD163 expression will promote a more homeostatic phenotype by reducing their proinflammatory responsiveness. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We tested these hypotheses in vitro using blood monocyte-derived macrophages from healthy subjects and patients with DM2 with and without DPN. Cells were incubated in the presence or the absence of 5 microg/mL of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The concentrations of interleukin-10, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), TGF-beta, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were measured using ELISA assays. Macrophages were transfected with an empty vector plasmid or a plasmid containing the CD163 gene using mannosylated polyethylenimine nanoparticles. RESULTS: Our results show that nonstimulated DM2 or DPN macrophages have a constitutive primed proinflammatory state and display a deficient production of proinflammatory cytokines upon a proinflammatory challenge when compared to healthy macrophages. CD163 induction produced an anti-inflammatory phenotype in the healthy control group, and this effect was partial in DM2 or DPN macrophages. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that diabetic macrophages adopt a complex phenotype that is only partially reversed by CD163 induction. Future experiments are focused on elucidating this differential responsiveness between healthy and diabetic macrophages. FAU - Alvarado-Vazquez, Perla Abigail AU - Alvarado-Vazquez PA AD - Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden. FAU - Grosick, Rachel L AU - Grosick RL AD - Department of Pharmacy Practice, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC, USA. FAU - Moracho-Vilrriales, Carolina AU - Moracho-Vilrriales C AD - Department of Pharmacy Practice, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC, USA. FAU - Ward, Eileen AU - Ward E AD - Department of Pharmacy Practice, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC, USA. FAU - Threatt, Tiffaney AU - Threatt T AD - Department of Pharmacy Practice, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC, USA. FAU - Romero-Sandoval, Edgar Alfonso AU - Romero-Sandoval EA AD - Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA, earomero.sandoval@gmail.com. LA - eng GR - R15 GM109333/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States PT - Journal Article DEP - 20181219 PL - New Zealand TA - J Pain Res JT - Journal of pain research JID - 101540514 PMC - PMC6305162 OTO - NOTNLM OT - CD163 OT - LPS OT - primary human macrophages OT - transfection COIS- Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work. EDAT- 2018/12/28 06:00 MHDA- 2018/12/28 06:01 PMCR- 2018/12/19 CRDT- 2018/12/28 06:00 PHST- 2018/12/28 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2018/12/28 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2018/12/28 06:01 [medline] PHST- 2018/12/19 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - jpr-12-069 [pii] AID - 10.2147/JPR.S186372 [doi] PST - epublish SO - J Pain Res. 2018 Dec 19;12:69-81. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S186372. eCollection 2019.