PMID- 30622412
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220331
IS  - 1319-562X (Print)
IS  - 2213-7106 (Electronic)
IS  - 2213-7106 (Linking)
VI  - 26
IP  - 1
DP  - 2019 Jan
TI  - Anti-inflammatory activity of rhein isolated from the flowers of Cassia fistula 
      L. and possible underlying mechanisms.
PG  - 96-104
LID - 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.04.011 [doi]
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Anti-inflammatory activity of rhein in animal models with potential 
      mechanism of actions. METHODS: Rhein was isolated from Cassia fistula L. flowers 
      collected in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Its anti-inflammatory activity was then 
      investigated in Wistar rats and mice using carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema, 
      croton oil-induced ear oedema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma and acetic 
      acid-induced vascular permeability models. RESULTS: Administration of rhein (10, 
      20, 40 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema 
      in rats and croton oil-induced ear oedema in mice in dose-dependent manners. 
      Continual administration of rhein to rats using implanted cotton pellets 
      significantly (p < 0.05) reduced granuloma formation (20 mg/kg: 17.24%; 40 mg/kg: 
      36.12%) compared to control group animals. Administration of rhein increased the 
      activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione 
      peroxidase (GSH-px) and decreased the levels of nitrite, interleukin-6 (IL-6), 
      interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), malondialdehyde (MDA) 
      and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) compared to control animals. 
      Western blotting results revealed that rhein diminished carrageenan-induced 
      cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and increased 
      heme oxygenase (HO)-1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), 
      peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR)-gamma and heat shock protein 
      (HSP)-72 expression after 6 h in the paw oedema model. CONCLUSION: The 
      anti-inflammatory mechanisms of rhein might be related to decrease in the levels 
      of MDA, iNOS and COX-2 and the stimulation of HO-1, PPAR-gamma and Nrf2 expression 
      via increases in the activities of CAT, SOD and GSH-px through the suppression of 
      nitrite, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta.
FAU - Antonisamy, Paulrayer
AU  - Antonisamy P
AD  - College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National 
      University, 5459679 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Agastian, Paul
AU  - Agastian P
AD  - Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai 600 034, 
      Tamil Nadu, India.
FAU - Kang, Chang-Won
AU  - Kang CW
AD  - College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National 
      University, 5459679 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Kim, Nam Soo
AU  - Kim NS
AD  - College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National 
      University, 5459679 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Kim, Jong-Hoon
AU  - Kim JH
AD  - College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National 
      University, 5459679 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20170428
PL  - Saudi Arabia
TA  - Saudi J Biol Sci
JT  - Saudi journal of biological sciences
JID - 101543796
PMC - PMC6319193
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance
OT  - AUC, area under the curve
OT  - Anti-inflammatory
OT  - C.fistula, Cassiafistula L.
OT  - CAT, catalase
OT  - CMC, carboxymethylcellulose
OT  - COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
OT  - Cassia fistula
OT  - Ear oedema
OT  - GSH-px, glutathione peroxidase
OT  - HSP-72, heat shock protein
OT  - IL-1beta, interleukin-1beta
OT  - IL-6, interleukin-6
OT  - MDA, malondialdehyde
OT  - MPO, myeloperoxidase
OT  - Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
OT  - PPAR-gamma, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
OT  - Paw oedema
OT  - Rats
OT  - Rhein
OT  - SOD, superoxide dismutase
OT  - TNF-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
OT  - VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
OT  - WHO, World Health Organization
OT  - iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
EDAT- 2019/01/10 06:00
MHDA- 2019/01/10 06:01
PMCR- 2017/04/28
CRDT- 2019/01/10 06:00
PHST- 2017/02/16 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2017/04/24 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2017/04/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/01/10 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2019/01/10 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/01/10 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2017/04/28 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S1319-562X(17)30134-1 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.04.011 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Saudi J Biol Sci. 2019 Jan;26(1):96-104. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.04.011. Epub 
      2017 Apr 28.