PMID- 30670819
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20190717
LR  - 20220419
IS  - 1759-5037 (Electronic)
IS  - 1759-5029 (Linking)
VI  - 15
IP  - 5
DP  - 2019 May
TI  - Gut microbial metabolites in obesity, NAFLD and T2DM.
PG  - 261-273
LID - 10.1038/s41574-019-0156-z [doi]
AB  - Evidence is accumulating that the gut microbiome is involved in the aetiology of 
      obesity and obesity-related complications such as nonalcoholic fatty liver 
      disease (NAFLD), insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The gut 
      microbiota is able to ferment indigestible carbohydrates (for example, dietary 
      fibre), thereby yielding important metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids 
      and succinate. Numerous animal studies and a handful of human studies suggest a 
      beneficial role of these metabolites in the prevention and treatment of obesity 
      and its comorbidities. Interestingly, the more distal colonic microbiota 
      primarily ferments peptides and proteins, as availability of fermentable fibre, 
      the major energy source for the microbiota, is limited here. This proteolytic 
      fermentation yields mainly harmful products such as ammonia, phenols and 
      branched-chain fatty acids, which might be detrimental for host gut and metabolic 
      health. Therefore, a switch from proteolytic to saccharolytic fermentation could 
      be of major interest for the prevention and/or treatment of metabolic diseases. 
      This Review focuses on the role of products derived from microbial carbohydrate 
      and protein fermentation in relation to obesity and obesity-associated insulin 
      resistance, T2DM and NAFLD, and discusses the mechanisms involved.
FAU - Canfora, Emanuel E
AU  - Canfora EE
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0267-1097
AD  - Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational 
      Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, 
      Netherlands.
FAU - Meex, Ruth C R
AU  - Meex RCR
AD  - Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational 
      Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, 
      Netherlands.
FAU - Venema, Koen
AU  - Venema K
AD  - Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational 
      Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, 
      Netherlands.
FAU - Blaak, Ellen E
AU  - Blaak EE
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2496-3464
AD  - Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational 
      Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, 
      Netherlands. e.blaak@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - England
TA  - Nat Rev Endocrinol
JT  - Nature reviews. Endocrinology
JID - 101500078
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Colon/metabolism/microbiology
MH  - Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*metabolism/microbiology
MH  - Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*physiology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Insulin Resistance/physiology
MH  - Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/*metabolism/microbiology
MH  - Obesity/*metabolism/microbiology
EDAT- 2019/01/24 06:00
MHDA- 2019/07/18 06:00
CRDT- 2019/01/24 06:00
PHST- 2019/01/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/07/18 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2019/01/24 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1038/s41574-019-0156-z [pii]
AID - 10.1038/s41574-019-0156-z [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019 May;15(5):261-273. doi: 10.1038/s41574-019-0156-z.