PMID- 30718723
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200820
LR  - 20231005
IS  - 2045-2322 (Electronic)
IS  - 2045-2322 (Linking)
VI  - 9
IP  - 1
DP  - 2019 Feb 4
TI  - Enzyme Induced Biocementated Sand with High Strength at Low Carbonate Content.
PG  - 1135
LID - 10.1038/s41598-018-38361-1 [doi]
LID - 1135
AB  - Specimens of silica sand treated via enzyme induced carbonate precipitation 
      (EICP) showed surprisingly high strength at a relatively low carbonate content 
      when non-fat powdered milk was included in the treatment solution. EICP is a 
      biologically-based soil improvement technique that uses free urease enzyme to 
      catalyze the hydrolysis of urea in an aqueous solution, producing carbonate ions 
      and alkalinity that in the presence of calcium cations leads to precipitation of 
      calcium carbonate. The strength achieved at less than 1.4% carbonate content via 
      a single cycle of treatment was unprecedented compared to results reported in the 
      literature from both EICP and microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP). 
      Scanning electron microscope images show that in the specimens treated with the 
      solution containing powdered milk the carbonate precipitate was concentrated at 
      interparticle contacts. The impact of these results include reductions in the 
      concentration of substrate and enzyme required to achieve a target compressive 
      strength, reduction in the undesirable ammonium chloride by-product, and, 
      depending on the desired strength, reduction in the number of cycles of EICP 
      treatment. These advantages enhance the potential for development of a 
      sustainable method of soil improvement via hydrolysis of urea.
FAU - Almajed, Abdullah
AU  - Almajed A
AD  - Assistant Professor, College of Civil Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, 
      11421, Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Tirkolaei, Hamed Khodadadi
AU  - Tirkolaei HK
AD  - Postdoctoral Research Associate, Center for Bio-mediated and Bio-inspired 
      Geotechnics (CBBG), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
FAU - Kavazanjian, Edward Jr
AU  - Kavazanjian E Jr
AD  - Regents' Professor, Center for Bio-mediated and Bio-inspired Geotechnics (CBBG), 
      Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. edward.kavazanjian@asu.edu.
FAU - Hamdan, Nasser
AU  - Hamdan N
AD  - Assistant Research Professor, Center for Bio-mediated and Bio-inspired 
      Geotechnics (CBBG), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
DEP - 20190204
PL  - England
TA  - Sci Rep
JT  - Scientific reports
JID - 101563288
RN  - 0 (Powders)
RN  - 0 (Sand)
RN  - 01Q9PC255D (Ammonium Chloride)
RN  - 7631-86-9 (Silicon Dioxide)
RN  - EC 3.5.1.5 (Urease)
RN  - H0G9379FGK (Calcium Carbonate)
SB  - IM
MH  - Ammonium Chloride/chemistry
MH  - Animals
MH  - Calcium Carbonate/*analysis
MH  - Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
MH  - Milk/chemistry
MH  - Powders
MH  - Sand/*chemistry
MH  - Silicon Dioxide/*chemistry
MH  - Urease/*metabolism
MH  - X-Ray Diffraction
PMC - PMC6362242
COIS- The authors declare no competing interests.
EDAT- 2019/02/06 06:00
MHDA- 2020/08/21 06:00
PMCR- 2019/02/04
CRDT- 2019/02/06 06:00
PHST- 2018/05/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2018/12/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/02/06 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2019/02/06 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/08/21 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2019/02/04 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1038/s41598-018-38361-1 [pii]
AID - 38361 [pii]
AID - 10.1038/s41598-018-38361-1 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Sci Rep. 2019 Feb 4;9(1):1135. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38361-1.