PMID- 30728727
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220409
IS  - 1179-173X (Print)
IS  - 1179-173X (Electronic)
IS  - 1179-173X (Linking)
VI  - 12
DP  - 2019
TI  - Nicotine on Children's Hands: Limited Protection of Smoking Bans and Initial 
      Clinical Findings.
PG  - 1179173X18823493
LID - 10.1177/1179173X18823493 [doi]
LID - 1179173X18823493
AB  - BACKGROUND: Thirdhand smoke (THS) pollutants, such as nicotine, accumulate on the 
      hands of children who live in homes with smokers and are exposed to secondhand 
      smoke. Our objective was to examine whether levels of hand nicotine in exposed 
      children are associated with demographics, environmental factors, and clinical 
      findings. METHODS: Participants were caregivers who smoke and children (mean age 
      (SD) = 2.6 (3.7) years) who were part of an ongoing 2-group, randomized 
      controlled trial of an emergency department-based tobacco cessation intervention 
      (N = 104). The primary outcome measure was nicotine on the child's hand. 
      Caregivers reported demographics and smoking patterns; children's medical records 
      were abstracted for chief complaint, medical history, and diagnoses. RESULTS: All 
      children had detectable hand nicotine (geometric mean [GeoM] = 86.2 ng/wipe; 
      range = 3.5-2, 190.4 ng/wipe). Children in the age group of 2 to 4 years old 
      (GeoM = 185.6 ng/wipe) had higher levels than the children in the age groups of 0 
      to 1 (GeoM = 68.9 ng/wipe, P < .001), 5 to 9 (GeoM = 77.9 ng/wipe, P = .04), and 
      10 to 15 years old (GeoM = 74.2 ng/wipe, P = .048). Children whose caregivers 
      smoked 6 to 14 (GeoM = 97.2 ng/wipe, P = .047) and 15 to 40 cigarettes/day 
      (GeoM = 124.0 ng/wipe, P = .01) had higher levels than children whose caregivers 
      smoked 1 to 5 cigarettes/day (GeoM = 59.7 ng/wipe). Children with 6 to 14 
      cigarettes/day (GeoM = 163.11 ng/wipe, P = .007) and 15 to 40 cigarettes/day 
      (GeoM = 186.1, P = .003) smoked inside the home by all smokers had significantly 
      higher levels than homes with 0 cigarettes (GeoM = 81.3 ng/wipe). Similar 
      differences in hand nicotine levels were found for smoking frequency of all 
      household members in any location. Children with complaints of cough/congestion 
      (GeoM = 97.7 ng/wipe) had higher levels than those without cough/congestion 
      (GeoM = 59.0 ng/wipe, P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: The high hand nicotine levels in 
      children whose caregivers do not necessarily smoke indoor demonstrate that indoor 
      smoking bans do not safeguard against THS exposure and the associations with 
      increased home smoking activity indicate that hand wipes may be a noninvasive way 
      to characterize children's exposure. The findings of associated cough and 
      congestion with higher THS levels need to be examined further.
FAU - Mahabee-Gittens, E Melinda
AU  - Mahabee-Gittens EM
AD  - Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 
      University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
FAU - Merianos, Ashley L
AU  - Merianos AL
AD  - School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
FAU - Hoh, Eunha
AU  - Hoh E
AD  - School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
FAU - Quintana, Penelope Je
AU  - Quintana PJ
AD  - School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
FAU - Matt, Georg E
AU  - Matt GE
AD  - Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - K01 DA044313/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 ES027815/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 HD083354/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20190116
PL  - United States
TA  - Tob Use Insights
JT  - Tobacco use insights
JID - 101608659
PMC - PMC6351963
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - children
OT  - secondhand smoke
OT  - thirdhand smoke
OT  - tobacco smoke
COIS- Declaration of Conflicting Interests:The author(s) declared no potential 
      conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or 
      publication of this article.
EDAT- 2019/02/08 06:00
MHDA- 2019/02/08 06:01
PMCR- 2019/01/16
CRDT- 2019/02/08 06:00
PHST- 2018/12/08 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2018/12/14 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/02/08 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2019/02/08 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/02/08 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2019/01/16 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1177_1179173X18823493 [pii]
AID - 10.1177/1179173X18823493 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Tob Use Insights. 2019 Jan 16;12:1179173X18823493. doi: 10.1177/1179173X18823493. 
      eCollection 2019.