PMID- 30746867
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200629
LR  - 20200629
IS  - 1934-1563 (Electronic)
IS  - 1934-1482 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 7
DP  - 2019 Jul
TI  - COWAT Performance of Persons with Alzheimer Dementia, Vascular Dementia, and 
      Parkinson Disease Dementia According to Stage of Cognitive Impairment.
PG  - 737-744
LID - 10.1002/pmrj.12125 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) evaluates frontal 
      lobe and executive function. Therefore, it can be helpful in differentiating 
      cognitive deficits. However, there are no studies comparing the COWAT performance 
      according to the type and stage of cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE: To compare 
      performance among persons with Alzheimer dementia (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), 
      and Parkinson disease dementia (PDD) on the COWAT according to stage of cognitive 
      impairment. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTINGS: University hospital 
      rehabilitation psychology center. PATIENTS: We reviewed the medical records of 
      246 persons diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia using the 
      Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and 
      the Korean-Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (K-IADL). Patients were 
      divided into a control group, Alzheimer groups (amnestic mild cognitive 
      impairment [aMCI] + AD), Vascular groups (vascular mild cognitive impairment 
      [VaMCI] + VaD), and Parkinson groups (Parkinson disease-mild cognitive impairment 
      [PD-MCI] + PDD). METHODS: Total scores (ie, total number of words produced in 
      60 seconds on the semantic and phonemic fluency tests of the COWAT) were 
      analyzed. Secondary analysis included calculating percentage scores of words 
      produced during each of the four, 15-second segments from the total number of 
      words produced in each trial. RESULTS: All MCI groups scored significantly lower 
      than the control group on both semantic and phonemic fluency tests. Among the 
      dementia groups, the VaD (mean +/- SD, 5.6 +/- 5.1) and PDD (5.5 +/- 5.5) groups' 
      scores were significantly lower and worse than that of the AD (11.0 +/- 8.8) group 
      on the phonemic test (P < .001). The difference in percentage scores was most 
      marked between the PD-MCI (17.0 +/- 2.2) and PDD (1.2 +/- 3.1) groups, followed by 
      the VaMCI (13.3 +/- 1.9) and VaD (5.6 +/- 1.8) groups on the latter phonemic test 
      (P = .007). CONCLUSIONS: The COWAT is a sensitive test of frontal-lobe and 
      executive function impairment in persons with MCI. Decreased verbal output in the 
      last 15 seconds of phonemic fluency test is significantly decreased and impaired 
      in persons with VaMCI and PD-MCI compared to persons with aMCI as they progress 
      to dementia. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.
CI  - (c) 2019 American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
FAU - Lim, Kil-Byung
AU  - Lim KB
AD  - Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje 
      University, Goyang, South Korea.
FAU - Kim, Jiyong
AU  - Kim J
AD  - Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje 
      University, Goyang, South Korea.
FAU - Lee, Hong-Jae
AU  - Lee HJ
AD  - Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje 
      University, Goyang, South Korea.
FAU - Yoo, Jeehyun
AU  - Yoo J
AD  - Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje 
      University, Goyang, South Korea.
FAU - Kim, Ha Seong
AU  - Kim HS
AD  - Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje 
      University, Goyang, South Korea.
FAU - Kim, Changgyu
AU  - Kim C
AD  - Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje 
      University, Goyang, South Korea.
FAU - Lee, Hojin
AU  - Lee H
AD  - Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje 
      University, Goyang, South Korea.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20190507
PL  - United States
TA  - PM R
JT  - PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation
JID - 101491319
SB  - IM
MH  - Aged
MH  - Alzheimer Disease/complications/*physiopathology
MH  - Cognition/*physiology
MH  - Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis/etiology/*physiopathology
MH  - Dementia, Vascular/complications/*physiopathology
MH  - Female
MH  - Follow-Up Studies
MH  - Frontal Lobe/*physiopathology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - *Neuropsychological Tests
MH  - Parkinson Disease/complications/*physiopathology
MH  - Reproducibility of Results
MH  - Retrospective Studies
EDAT- 2019/02/13 06:00
MHDA- 2020/07/01 06:00
CRDT- 2019/02/13 06:00
PHST- 2018/08/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2018/12/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/02/13 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/07/01 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2019/02/13 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1002/pmrj.12125 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - PM R. 2019 Jul;11(7):737-744. doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12125. Epub 2019 May 7.