PMID- 30768401
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200602
LR  - 20201001
IS  - 1527-5418 (Electronic)
IS  - 0890-8567 (Print)
IS  - 0890-8567 (Linking)
VI  - 58
IP  - 10
DP  - 2019 Oct
TI  - Reading Acquisition in Children: Developmental Processes and Dyslexia-Specific 
      Effects.
PG  - 948-960
LID - S0890-8567(18)32034-3 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.11.007 [doi]
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Decreased activation to print in the left ventral, dorsal, and 
      anterior pathways has been implicated in readers with dyslexia (DRs) but also is 
      characteristic for typical beginning readers. Because most studies have compared 
      DRs with their age-matched peers, the observed results could represent a dyslexia 
      phenotype or a developmental delay. This study aimed to disentangle reading and 
      dyslexia effects using 2 control groups matched for age and skill and a 
      longitudinal design. METHOD: Brain response for print was compared in DRs and 
      typical readers (TRs) who, at the beginning of schooling (time point 1 [TP]; 6-7 
      years old), read on average 3 words per minute, as did DRs at TP1, but improved 
      their reading to an average level, and advanced readers (ARs) who at TP1 read as 
      well as DRs 2 years later (TP3; 8-9 years old). The TR and DR groups were tracked 
      longitudinally to observe neurodevelopmental changes. RESULTS: At TP1, DRs did 
      not differ from TRs. Over time, only TRs developed a neural circuit for reading 
      in the left inferior frontal and fusiform gyri. At TP3, DRs exhibited 
      hypo-activation in these areas compared with age-matched (TRs at TP3) and 
      reading-matched (ARs at TP1) controls. At TP3, TRs showed hypo-activation in the 
      left frontal and bilateral ventral occipital regions compared with ARs, but these 
      effects were nonoverlapping with DR hypo-activations and are partly explained by 
      IQ. CONCLUSION: Decreased activation of the left fusiform and inferior frontal 
      gyri to print in DRs results from an atypical developmental trajectory of reading 
      and cannot be explained solely by lower reading skills.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2018 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Published 
      by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Chyl, Katarzyna
AU  - Chyl K
AD  - Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 
      Poland.
FAU - Kossowski, Bartosz
AU  - Kossowski B
AD  - Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 
      Poland; Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of 
      Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
FAU - Debska, Agnieszka
AU  - Debska A
AD  - Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 
      Poland.
FAU - Luniewska, Magdalena
AU  - Luniewska M
AD  - Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 
      Poland; Warsaw University, Poland.
FAU - Marchewka, Artur
AU  - Marchewka A
AD  - Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 
      Poland.
FAU - Pugh, Kenneth R
AU  - Pugh KR
AD  - Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT; Yale University School of Medicine, New 
      Haven, CT; University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
FAU - Jednorog, Katarzyna
AU  - Jednorog K
AD  - Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 
      Poland. Electronic address: k.jednorog@nencki.gov.pl.
LA  - eng
GR  - P01 HD001994/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
GR  - P01 HD070837/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 HD086168/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R37 HD090153/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20181207
PL  - United States
TA  - J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
JT  - Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
JID - 8704565
SB  - IM
MH  - Brain Mapping/methods/*psychology
MH  - Case-Control Studies
MH  - Cerebral Cortex/*physiopathology
MH  - Child
MH  - Dyslexia/*physiopathology
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MH  - Male
MH  - *Reading
PMC - PMC6606402
MID - NIHMS1516133
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - dyslexia
OT  - dyslexia debate
OT  - longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging
OT  - reading acquisition
OT  - reading development
COIS- Disclosures: Drs. Debska, Luniewska, Marchewka, Pugh, Jednorog, Ms. Chyl, and Mr. 
      Kossowski report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of 
      interest.
EDAT- 2019/02/16 06:00
MHDA- 2020/06/03 06:00
PMCR- 2020/10/01
CRDT- 2019/02/16 06:00
PHST- 2018/02/01 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2018/11/09 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2018/11/30 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/02/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/06/03 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2019/02/16 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/10/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S0890-8567(18)32034-3 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.11.007 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019 Oct;58(10):948-960. doi: 
      10.1016/j.jaac.2018.11.007. Epub 2018 Dec 7.