PMID- 30844700 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20190708 LR - 20190708 IS - 1873-6424 (Electronic) IS - 0269-7491 (Linking) VI - 248 DP - 2019 May TI - Flame retardant concentrations and profiles in wild birds associated with landfill: A critical review. PG - 646-658 LID - S0269-7491(18)35460-5 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.103 [doi] AB - Given factors such as their persistence and toxicity, legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs) like polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), are designated as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and are subject to regulation. Waste streams likely represent a substantial reservoir of legacy BFRs given that they were once widely applied to goods which are increasingly likely to be obsolete. Waste streams are also increasingly likely to be a source of emerging flame retardants, in particular, novel BFRs (NBFRs), the halogenated norbornene flame retardant Dechlorane Plus (DDC-CO) and the brominated, chlorinated or non-halogenated organophosphate triester flame retardants (PFRs). Many bird populations rely on landfill and its surrounding land-use for inter alia the opportunities it provides for activities such as foraging and resting. However, studies on captive and wild (free-living) birds have demonstrated deleterious effects of several FRs. Globally, approximately 250 bird species, including many of conservation concern, are reported to use landfill and surrounding habitat (including wastewater treatment operations), thus putting birds potentially at risk of exposure to such chemicals. We synthesise and critically evaluate a total of 18 studies covering eight avian species published between 2008 and 2018 (inclusive) across four continents that report flame retardant (FR) burdens in birds utilising landfill. Several such studies found FRs at among the highest concentrations detected in wild biota to date. We recommend that ongoing research be focused on landfill-associated birds, given that landfill is an important source of FRs and other anthropogenic chemicals, and particularly at sites where species are of conservation concern. We suggest ways in which the comparative power of studies could be enhanced in the future, the reporting of a minimum common suite of key chemicals, and where feasible, standardisation of the tissue compartments (i.e., eggs) to be studied. We conclude by identifying future research directions. CI - Crown Copyright (c) 2019. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. FAU - Tongue, Andrew D W AU - Tongue ADW AD - Centre for Ornithology, School of Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. FAU - Reynolds, S James AU - Reynolds SJ AD - Centre for Ornithology, School of Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; The Army Ornithological Society (AOS), c/o Prince Consort Library, Knollys Road, Aldershot, Hampshire, GU11 1PS, UK. FAU - Fernie, Kim J AU - Fernie KJ AD - School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment & Climate Change Canada (ECCC), Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada. FAU - Harrad, Stuart AU - Harrad S AD - School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. Electronic address: s.j.harrad@bham.ac.uk. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Review DEP - 20190223 PL - England TA - Environ Pollut JT - Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) JID - 8804476 RN - 0 (Environmental Pollutants) RN - 0 (Flame Retardants) RN - 0 (Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers) RN - 0 (Organophosphates) SB - IM MH - Animals MH - Animals, Wild/*metabolism MH - Birds/*metabolism MH - Ecosystem MH - Environmental Monitoring/*methods MH - Environmental Pollutants/*analysis MH - Flame Retardants/*analysis MH - Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/analysis MH - Organophosphates/analysis MH - *Waste Disposal Facilities OTO - NOTNLM OT - Dechlorane plus (DDC-CO) OT - Ecotoxicology OT - Legacy brominated flame retardants OT - Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) OT - Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) EDAT- 2019/03/08 06:00 MHDA- 2019/07/10 06:00 CRDT- 2019/03/08 06:00 PHST- 2018/12/03 00:00 [received] PHST- 2019/01/23 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2019/01/25 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2019/03/08 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2019/07/10 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2019/03/08 06:00 [entrez] AID - S0269-7491(18)35460-5 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.103 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Environ Pollut. 2019 May;248:646-658. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.103. Epub 2019 Feb 23.