PMID- 30856222
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20191216
LR  - 20200309
IS  - 1932-6203 (Electronic)
IS  - 1932-6203 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 3
DP  - 2019
TI  - Detection and analysis of 17 steroid hormones by ultra-high-performance liquid 
      chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) in different 
      sex and maturity stages of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana).
PG  - e0213398
LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0213398 [doi]
LID - e0213398
AB  - A sensitive and accurate method for determination of 17 endogenous and exogenous 
      steroid hormones in Antarctic krill was developed. The method utilized UHPLC-MS 
      in electrospray ionization mode (ESI). Samples were prepared by alkaline 
      hydrolysis; sequential vortex extraction with ethyl acetate, methanol and 
      acetonitrile; followed by a QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and 
      Safe) clean-up method. The system suitability tests including theoretical plate 
      number, resolution, repeatability, tailing factor proved the system's resolution 
      and reproducibility that can meet the requirements of sample analysis. The 
      developed method resulted in satisfactory recoveries that varied from 
      75.4%-110.6% and relative standard deviations (RSDs) that ranged from 3.1%-10.5%. 
      The ranges of the limits of detection (LODs) and the limits of quantitation 
      (LOQs) were 2-30 ng kg-1 and 10-100 ng kg-1, respectively. 14 hormones including 
      cortisone, aldosterone, testosterone propionate, estriol, megestrol acetate, 
      cortisone acetate, dexamethasone, testosterone, hydroxyprogesterone, nandrolone, 
      prednisolone, cortisol, progesterone and estradiol were found in Antarctic krill. 
      Other 3 hormones (Diethylstilbestrol, norethisterone and androsterone) were not 
      detected. The levels of exogenous steroid hormones were much greater than those 
      of endogenous steroid hormones, and the levels of exogenous glucocorticoids were 
      much greater than those of exogenous sex hormones. The changes of hormones in 
      different sex and maturity stages were also explored. Endogenous hormones might 
      regulate the reproductive and development of Antarctic krill. The detected 
      exogenous hormones suggests the potential for hormonal contamination in Antarctic 
      waters that can affect organisms even affect human beings by food chain.
FAU - Han, Xiangning
AU  - Han X
AD  - Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal 
      University, Shandong, P. R. China.
FAU - Liu, Daicheng
AU  - Liu D
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3716-7555
AD  - Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal 
      University, Shandong, P. R. China.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20190311
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS One
JT  - PloS one
JID - 101285081
RN  - 0 (Gonadal Steroid Hormones)
RN  - 0 (Steroids)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antarctic Regions
MH  - Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/*methods
MH  - Euphausiacea/*chemistry/growth & development
MH  - Female
MH  - Food Contamination/analysis
MH  - Gonadal Steroid Hormones/analysis/chemistry
MH  - Humans
MH  - Limit of Detection
MH  - Male
MH  - Seafood/analysis
MH  - Sex Characteristics
MH  - Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/*methods
MH  - Steroids/*analysis/chemistry
PMC - PMC6411355
COIS- The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2019/03/12 06:00
MHDA- 2019/12/18 06:00
PMCR- 2019/03/11
CRDT- 2019/03/12 06:00
PHST- 2018/10/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2019/02/19 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/03/12 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2019/03/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/12/18 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2019/03/11 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PONE-D-18-31262 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0213398 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS One. 2019 Mar 11;14(3):e0213398. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213398. 
      eCollection 2019.