PMID- 31004909
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20191223
LR  - 20191223
IS  - 1096-0953 (Electronic)
IS  - 0013-9351 (Linking)
VI  - 173
DP  - 2019 Jun
TI  - Study of stainless steel electrodes after electrochemical analysis in sea water 
      condition.
PG  - 549-555
LID - S0013-9351(19)30203-8 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.069 [doi]
AB  - For water electrolysis, a rare earth material (eg., platinum) is often used as an 
      electrode, but because of the high cost and toxicity of chemicals, researchers 
      are searching for cost effective and eco-friendly alternative materials. Various 
      alloys and metals have been long explored for use as electrode materials in 
      different media. Stainless steel (SS 304) electrodes are cost effective and have 
      a large surface area; further their catalytic performance is comparable to that 
      of carbon coated noble metals cathodes. Stainless steel has good mechanical 
      properties and durability so it is widely used in desalination plants, oil and 
      gas industries, ship building, etc. However, over a period of time it corrodes 
      very quickly in saline water. To improve the stability and durability of the 
      electrodes (i.e., to minimize corrosion), we anneal the samples under two 
      different sets of conditions and test the electrodes in 3.5% NaCl solution. The 
      anodic peak (-0.25 V) observed for bare stainless steel result from the formation 
      of iron (II) hydroxide [Fe(OH)(2)]. The Raman bands observed at 210 and 
      274 cm(-1) for bare stainless steel result from the formation of alpha-Fe(2)O(3) 
      owing to partial, anodic, and cathodic reactions occurring on the electrode which 
      disrupts the surface layers. High intensity X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman 
      peaks of Cr(2)O(3) and MnCr(2)O(4) observed in argon and hydrogen annealed sample 
      after cyclic voltammetry reveal that this sample is more stable than bare and air 
      annealed samples. XRD reveals mixed oxide phases in addition to eskolaite and 
      magnetite phases. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that although 
      the air-annealed sample has a soft, spongy structure, Na and Cl ions are adsorbed 
      in the voids on the outer surface of the electrode leading to quick degradation. 
      For the air-annealed sample the oxide appears to adhere poorly to the stainless 
      steel. Oxygen (ie., oxide composition) may play a key role in adherence and 
      growth of Cr(2)O(3) formed at high temperature. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 
      (XPS) reveals that large amounts of Cr and Mn are dissolved/corroded into the 
      electrolyte for air annealed sample which is in good agreement with the Raman and 
      SEM results.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Kovendhan, M
AU  - Kovendhan M
AD  - Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, 
      Republic of Korea. Electronic address: mkovendhan@gmail.com.
FAU - Kang, Hari
AU  - Kang H
AD  - Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, 
      Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kanghari94@gmail.com.
FAU - Jeong, Sangmin
AU  - Jeong S
AD  - Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, 
      Republic of Korea. Electronic address: y1b2b5@naver.com.
FAU - Youn, Jong-Sang
AU  - Youn JS
AD  - Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, 
      Republic of Korea. Electronic address: yjs9855@gmail.com.
FAU - Oh, Inhwan
AU  - Oh I
AD  - Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, 
      Republic of Korea. Electronic address: oh910611@naver.com.
FAU - Park, Young-Kwon
AU  - Park YK
AD  - School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 
      02504, South Korea. Electronic address: catalica@uos.ac.kr.
FAU - Jeon, Ki-Joon
AU  - Jeon KJ
AD  - Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, 
      Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kjjeon@inha.ac.kr.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20190330
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Environ Res
JT  - Environmental research
JID - 0147621
RN  - 12597-68-1 (Stainless Steel)
SB  - IM
MH  - Catalysis
MH  - Corrosion
MH  - Electrodes
MH  - *Seawater
MH  - *Stainless Steel
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Cyclic voltammetry
OT  - Raman spectra
OT  - Sea water
OT  - Stainless steel
OT  - XPS
EDAT- 2019/04/21 06:00
MHDA- 2019/12/24 06:00
CRDT- 2019/04/21 06:00
PHST- 2018/11/09 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2019/03/27 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2019/03/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/04/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/12/24 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2019/04/21 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S0013-9351(19)30203-8 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.069 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Res. 2019 Jun;173:549-555. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.069. Epub 2019 
      Mar 30.