PMID- 31046488
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20191202
LR  - 20191202
IS  - 1532-2513 (Electronic)
IS  - 0892-3973 (Linking)
VI  - 41
IP  - 2
DP  - 2019 Apr
TI  - A comparative evaluation of the immunotoxicity and immunomodulatory effects on 
      macrophages exposed to aromatic trihalogenated DBPs.
PG  - 319-326
LID - 10.1080/08923973.2019.1608444 [doi]
AB  - Objective: 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), and 
      2,4,6-triiodophenol (TIP) are three aromatic halogenated disinfection byproducts 
      (DBPs) identified in chlorinated saline effluents. This study aimed to evaluate 
      and compare their immunotoxicity and immunomodulatory effects on macrophages. 
      Materials and methods: CCK-8 assay was used to evaluate cytotoxicity of TCP, TBP, 
      and TIP in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. A light microscope and digital camera 
      were used to record the morphological changes of RAW264.7 cells. qRT-PCR was used 
      to measure the mRNA levels of polarization markers and secreted cytokines. 
      Cytokine production was also detected by ELISA. Flow cytometry was performed to 
      analyze the expression of M1 and M2 markers on macrophages. Results: TCP, TBP, 
      and TIP had different cytotoxic effects on macrophages. The rank order of 
      cytotoxicity was TIP > TBP > TCP. Furthermore, the three halogenated DBPs 
      displayed different preferences for macrophage polarization. Intriguingly, 200 muM 
      TIP remarkably induced the M2-dominant polarization of macrophages, while 200 muM 
      TCP induced an M1-dominant polarization of macrophages. TBP has a moderate 
      ability in inducing M1 and M2 polarization compared with TCP and TIP. 
      Conclusions: TIP displayed higher cytotoxicity against macrophages than TBP and 
      TCP, its brominated and chlorinated analogs. Since M1 and M2 macrophages 
      facilitate the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, respectively, the 
      discrepancy of TCP, TBP, and TIP in inducing macrophage polarization may lead to 
      distinct immunomodulatory and toxicological outcomes, thus giving rise to 
      different types of diseases. This finding may provide novel insights into 
      evaluating the toxicity of environmental pollutants on the immune system.
FAU - Xie, Yanci
AU  - Xie Y
AD  - a Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu 
      Province , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China.
FAU - Jiang, Liujing
AU  - Jiang L
AD  - b School of the Environment, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and 
      Resource Reuse , Nanjing University , Nanjing , China.
FAU - Qiu, Jingfan
AU  - Qiu J
AD  - a Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu 
      Province , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China.
FAU - Wang, Yong
AU  - Wang Y
AD  - a Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu 
      Province , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China.
AD  - c School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases , Nanjing 
      Medical University , Nanjing , China.
LA  - eng
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20190503
PL  - England
TA  - Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol
JT  - Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
JID - 8800150
RN  - 0 (Chlorophenols)
RN  - 0 (Immunologic Factors)
RN  - 0 (Phenols)
RN  - 9RB2R81A7U (2,4,6-triiodophenol)
RN  - MHS8C5BAUZ (2,4,6-trichlorophenol)
RN  - YS6K3EU393 (2,4,6-tribromophenol)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Chlorophenols/*toxicity
MH  - Drug Evaluation
MH  - Immunologic Factors/*toxicity
MH  - Macrophages/*immunology/pathology
MH  - Mice
MH  - Phenols/*toxicity
MH  - RAW 264.7 Cells
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Halogenated disinfection byproducts
OT  - anti-inflammatory
OT  - inflammatory
OT  - macrophage
OT  - polarization
EDAT- 2019/05/03 06:00
MHDA- 2019/12/04 06:00
CRDT- 2019/05/04 06:00
PHST- 2019/05/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/12/04 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2019/05/04 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1080/08923973.2019.1608444 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2019 Apr;41(2):319-326. doi: 
      10.1080/08923973.2019.1608444. Epub 2019 May 3.