PMID- 31057483
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20200225
IS  - 1664-2392 (Print)
IS  - 1664-2392 (Electronic)
IS  - 1664-2392 (Linking)
VI  - 10
DP  - 2019
TI  - The Gut-Immune-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorders; A Focus on Amino Acids.
PG  - 247
LID - 10.3389/fendo.2019.00247 [doi]
LID - 247
AB  - Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a range of neurodevelopmental conditions that 
      affect communication and social behavior. Besides social deficits, systemic 
      inflammation, gastrointestinal immune-related problems, and changes in the gut 
      microbiota composition are characteristic for people with ASD. Animal models 
      showed that these characteristics can induce ASD-associated behavior, suggesting 
      an intimate relationship between the microbiota, gut, immune system and the brain 
      in ASD. Multiple factors can contribute to the development of ASD, but mutations 
      leading to enhanced activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are 
      reported frequently. Hyperactivation of mTOR leads to deficits in the 
      communication between neurons in the brain and to immune impairments. Hence, mTOR 
      might be a critical factor linking the gut-brain-immune axis in ASD. 
      Pharmacological inhibition of mTOR is shown to improve ASD-associated behavior 
      and immune functions, however, the clinical use is limited due to severe side 
      reactions. Interestingly, studies have shown that mTOR activation can also be 
      modified by nutritional stimuli, in particular by amino acids. Moreover, specific 
      amino acids are demonstrated to inhibit inflammation, improve gut barrier 
      function and to modify the microbiota composition. In this review we will discuss 
      the gut-brain-immune axis in ASD and explore the potential of amino acids as a 
      treatment option for ASD, either via modification of mTOR activity, the immune 
      system or the gut microbiota composition.
FAU - van Sadelhoff, Joris H J
AU  - van Sadelhoff JHJ
AD  - Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty 
      of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
AD  - Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.
FAU - Perez Pardo, Paula
AU  - Perez Pardo P
AD  - Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty 
      of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
FAU - Wu, Jiangbo
AU  - Wu J
AD  - Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, The University of 
      Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
FAU - Garssen, Johan
AU  - Garssen J
AD  - Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty 
      of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
AD  - Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.
FAU - van Bergenhenegouwen, Jeroen
AU  - van Bergenhenegouwen J
AD  - Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty 
      of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
AD  - Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.
FAU - Hogenkamp, Astrid
AU  - Hogenkamp A
AD  - Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty 
      of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
FAU - Hartog, Anita
AU  - Hartog A
AD  - Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty 
      of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
AD  - Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.
FAU - Kraneveld, Aletta D
AU  - Kraneveld AD
AD  - Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty 
      of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
AD  - Veterinary Pharmacology, Institute for Risk Assessment Studies, Faculty of 
      Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20190416
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)
JT  - Frontiers in endocrinology
JID - 101555782
PMC - PMC6477881
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - amino acids
OT  - autism spectrum disorder
OT  - gut-immune-brain axis
OT  - mammalian target of rapamycin
OT  - nutritional intervention
EDAT- 2019/05/07 06:00
MHDA- 2019/05/07 06:01
PMCR- 2019/01/01
CRDT- 2019/05/07 06:00
PHST- 2018/12/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2019/03/29 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/05/07 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2019/05/07 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/05/07 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2019/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fendo.2019.00247 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019 Apr 16;10:247. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00247. 
      eCollection 2019.