PMID- 31067837 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20200106 LR - 20200309 IS - 2073-4425 (Print) IS - 2073-4425 (Electronic) IS - 2073-4425 (Linking) VI - 10 IP - 5 DP - 2019 May 7 TI - Obesity, Xenobiotic Intake and Antimicrobial-Resistance Genes in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract: A Comparative Study of Eutrophic, Overweight and Obese Individuals. LID - 10.3390/genes10050349 [doi] LID - 349 AB - Although lifestyle and physiology in obese individuals are accepted to lead to changes in the intestinal microbiota, uncertainty remains about microbiota dysbiosis, and xenobiotics intake, as a source of selective pressure, independent of antimicrobial chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to compare the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance genetic markers (ARG) in faecal specimens of eutrophic, overweight and obese individuals, and their correlation with xenobiotic intake and gut bacteria density. Methods: This was a cross-sectional case-controlled study including 72 adult participants with no record of intestinal or systemic diseases, or recent use of antimicrobials, grouped as eutrophic, overweight, or obese. Anthropometric profile, eating habits and oral xenobiotics intake were recorded. Faecal metagenomic DNA was used to screen for ARG by PCR, and to measure bacterial groups by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Student's t and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare means and differences in ARG detection (95% confidence intervals). Correlation analyses (odds ratio) and relationships between bacteria density and ARG were determined. Results: Increase in abdominal circumference, waist circumference, hip, waist-hip ratio, BMI, carbohydrate, fibres, and total calorie intakes were different from eutrophic to obese participants. Habitual use of antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory drugs, antacids, and artificial sweeteners were associated mainly with obesity and overweight. Nutritional supplements were associated to the eutrophic group. ARG screening showed differences being more frequent among obese, and positive for 27 genetic markers related to beta-lactams, tetracyclines, the macrolide lincosamide and streptogramin group, quinolones, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, and efflux pump. Positive correlation between ARG and BMI, caloric intake, and intake of xenobiotics, was observed for obese individuals. Relationships among ARG detection and bacteria densities were also different. Conclusions: This study reinforces the hypothesis that obese individuals may harbour an altered gut microbiota, if compared to eutrophic. The overweight individuals display a transitional gut microbiota which seems to be between eutrophic and obese. Furthermore, the increased xenobiotic intake associated to obesity may play an important role in the antimicrobial resistance phenomenon. FAU - Sarmiento, Marjorie Raquel Anariba AU - Sarmiento MRA AD - Laboratory of Bacterial Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. marjorieanariba@gmail.com. FAU - de Paula, Thais Oliveira AU - de Paula TO AD - Laboratory of Bacterial Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. tata84farm@yahoo.com.br. FAU - Borges, Francis Moreira AU - Borges FM AD - Laboratory of Bacterial Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. francismborges@gmail.com. FAU - Ferreira-Machado, Alessandra Barbosa AU - Ferreira-Machado AB AD - Laboratory of Bacterial Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. alessandrabferreira@yahoo.com.br. FAU - Resende, Juliana Alves AU - Resende JA AD - Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Federal University of Espirito Santo, 29500-000 Alegre, ES, Brasil. ju.alves.resende@gmail.com. FAU - Moreira, Ana Paula Boroni AU - Moreira APB AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5909-1996 AD - Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. apboroni@yahoo.com.br. FAU - Dutra Luquetti, Sheila Cristina Potente AU - Dutra Luquetti SCP AD - Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. scpotentedutra@yahoo.com.br. FAU - Cesar, Dioneia Evangelista AU - Cesar DE AD - Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. dioneia.cesar@gmail.com. FAU - da Silva, Vania Lucia AU - da Silva VL AD - Laboratory of Bacterial Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. vanocabr@gmail.com. FAU - Diniz, Claudio Galuppo AU - Diniz CG AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6882-8312 AD - Laboratory of Bacterial Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. claudio.diniz@ufjf.edu.br. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20190507 PL - Switzerland TA - Genes (Basel) JT - Genes JID - 101551097 RN - 0 (Antacids) RN - 0 (Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal) RN - 0 (Antihypertensive Agents) RN - 0 (Sweetening Agents) RN - 0 (Xenobiotics) SB - IM MH - Adult MH - Antacids/therapeutic use MH - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use MH - Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use MH - Dietary Supplements MH - Drug Resistance, Microbial/*genetics MH - Feces/microbiology MH - Female MH - Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics MH - Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology MH - Humans MH - In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence MH - Male MH - Middle Aged MH - Overweight/*microbiology MH - Sweetening Agents/administration & dosage MH - Xenobiotics/administration & dosage MH - Young Adult PMC - PMC6562451 OTO - NOTNLM OT - antimicrobial resistance OT - dysbiosis OT - microbiota OT - obesity OT - xenobiotic intake COIS- The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. EDAT- 2019/05/10 06:00 MHDA- 2019/05/10 06:01 PMCR- 2019/05/01 CRDT- 2019/05/10 06:00 PHST- 2019/02/25 00:00 [received] PHST- 2019/04/29 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2019/04/30 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2019/05/10 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2019/05/10 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2019/05/10 06:01 [medline] PHST- 2019/05/01 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - genes10050349 [pii] AID - genes-10-00349 [pii] AID - 10.3390/genes10050349 [doi] PST - epublish SO - Genes (Basel). 2019 May 7;10(5):349. doi: 10.3390/genes10050349.