PMID- 31086242
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20210109
IS  - 2045-2322 (Electronic)
IS  - 2045-2322 (Linking)
VI  - 9
IP  - 1
DP  - 2019 May 13
TI  - Egyptian metallic inks on textiles from the 15(th) century BCE unravelled by 
      non-invasive techniques and chemometric analysis.
PG  - 7310
LID - 10.1038/s41598-019-43655-z [doi]
LID - 7310
AB  - The development of black inks has enabled writing to become an established method 
      of communication in history. Although a large research effort has been devoted to 
      the study of pigments and dyes used in ancient Egypt to decorate burial walls and 
      furnishings, or to write on papyrus, to date little attention has been paid to 
      the nature and technology of inks used on ritual and daily-use textiles, which 
      may have fostered the transfer of metallic ink technology onto papyrus and 
      parchment supports. We report about inks from 15(th) century BCE Egyptian 
      textiles by combining non-invasive techniques, including ultraviolet (UV) 
      reflected imaging, near-infrared reflectography (NIRR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) 
      spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and prompt-gamma-activation-analysis (PGAA). It 
      is argued that the inks are related to the family of iron gall inks, whose 
      introduction is commonly attributed to the third century BCE. This interpretation 
      frames the technology of writing on fabrics, used by the ancient Egyptians, in a 
      different time, thus providing new information on the genesis of mordant inks in 
      the ancient Mediterranean cultures. We anticipate our study to be a starting 
      point for further and more sophisticated investigations of textiles, which will 
      clarify the origin of metallic ink in the ancient world.
FAU - Festa, G
AU  - Festa G
AD  - CENTRO FERMI - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico 
      Fermi", Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184, Rome, Italy.
FAU - Christiansen, T
AU  - Christiansen T
AD  - Museo Egizio di Torino, Via Accademia delle Scienze 6, 10123, Turin, Italy.
FAU - Turina, V
AU  - Turina V
AD  - Museo Egizio di Torino, Via Accademia delle Scienze 6, 10123, Turin, Italy.
FAU - Borla, M
AU  - Borla M
AD  - Supreme Council for Archeology of Piedmont, P.zza S. Giovanni 2, 10122, Torino, 
      Italy.
FAU - Kelleher, J
AU  - Kelleher J
AD  - STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory - ISIS neutron and muon Facility, Didcot, 
      OX11 0QX, United Kingdom. joe.kelleher@stfc.ac.uk.
FAU - Arcidiacono, L
AU  - Arcidiacono L
AD  - CENTRO FERMI - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico 
      Fermi", Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184, Rome, Italy.
AD  - University College London, Institute of Archaeology, 31-34 Gordon Square, Kings 
      Cross, London, WC1H 0PY, United Kingdom.
FAU - Cartechini, L
AU  - Cartechini L
AD  - CNR- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), Via Elce di sotto 8, 
      06123, Perugia, Italy.
FAU - Ponterio, R C
AU  - Ponterio RC
AD  - CNR - Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici (IPCF), Viale Ferdinando Stagno 
      d'Alcontres 37, Messina, Italy.
FAU - Scatigno, C
AU  - Scatigno C
AD  - Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento di Fisica and NAST 
      Centre, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
AD  - Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie 
      Chimiche, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
FAU - Senesi, R
AU  - Senesi R
AD  - CENTRO FERMI - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico 
      Fermi", Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184, Rome, Italy. roberto.senesi@uniroma2.it.
AD  - CNR - Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici (IPCF), Viale Ferdinando Stagno 
      d'Alcontres 37, Messina, Italy. roberto.senesi@uniroma2.it.
AD  - Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento di Fisica and NAST 
      Centre, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy. 
      roberto.senesi@uniroma2.it.
FAU - Andreani, C
AU  - Andreani C
AD  - CENTRO FERMI - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico 
      Fermi", Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184, Rome, Italy.
AD  - CNR - Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici (IPCF), Viale Ferdinando Stagno 
      d'Alcontres 37, Messina, Italy.
AD  - Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento di Fisica and NAST 
      Centre, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
LA  - eng
GR  - CNR-STFC agreement 2014-2020/Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (National 
      Research Council)/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20190513
PL  - England
TA  - Sci Rep
JT  - Scientific reports
JID - 101563288
EIN - Sci Rep. 2019 Nov 26;9(1):18001. PMID: 31767939
PMC - PMC6513853
COIS- The authors declare no competing interests.
EDAT- 2019/05/16 06:00
MHDA- 2019/05/16 06:01
PMCR- 2019/05/13
CRDT- 2019/05/16 06:00
PHST- 2018/07/02 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2019/04/29 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/05/16 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2019/05/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/05/16 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2019/05/13 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1038/s41598-019-43655-z [pii]
AID - 43655 [pii]
AID - 10.1038/s41598-019-43655-z [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Sci Rep. 2019 May 13;9(1):7310. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43655-z.