PMID- 31271926
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20201019
LR  - 20201019
IS  - 1873-7838 (Electronic)
IS  - 0010-0277 (Linking)
VI  - 193
DP  - 2019 Dec
TI  - Level 2 perspective-taking distinguishes automatic and non-automatic 
      belief-tracking.
PG  - 104017
LID - S0010-0277(19)30190-8 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104017 [doi]
AB  - Little is known about whether human beings' automatic mindreading is 
      computationally restricted to processing a limited kind of content, and what 
      exactly the nature of that signature limit might be. We developed a novel 
      object-detection paradigm to test adults' automatic processing in a Level 1 
      perspective-taking (L1PT) context (where an agent's belief, but not his 
      visuospatial perspective, is relevantly different) and in a Level 2 
      perspective-taking (L2PT) context (where both the agent's belief and visuospatial 
      perspective are relevantly different). Experiment 1 uncovered that adults' 
      reaction times in the L1PT task were helpfully speeded by a bystander's 
      irrelevant belief when tracking two homogenous objects but not in the L2PT task 
      when tracking a single heterogeneous object. The limitation is especially 
      striking given that the heterogeneous nature of the single object was fully 
      revealed to participants as well as the bystander. The results were replicated in 
      two further experiments, which confirmed that the selective modulation of adults' 
      reaction times was maintained when tracking the location of a single object 
      (Experiment 2) and when attention checks were removed (Experiment 3). Our 
      findings suggest that automatic mindreading draws upon a distinctively minimalist 
      model of the mental that underspecifies representation of differences in 
      perspective relative to an agent's position in space.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Edwards, Katheryn
AU  - Edwards K
AD  - Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. Electronic address: 
      Katheryn.Edwards@vuw.ac.nz.
FAU - Low, Jason
AU  - Low J
AD  - Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. Electronic address: 
      Jason.Low@vuw.ac.nz.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20190701
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Cognition
JT  - Cognition
JID - 0367541
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Adult
MH  - Anticipation, Psychological/*physiology
MH  - Attention/*physiology
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Reaction Time/physiology
MH  - Theory of Mind/*physiology
MH  - Visual Perception/*physiology
MH  - Young Adult
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Automaticity
OT  - Dual processing
OT  - Level 1 perspective-taking
OT  - Level 2 perspective-taking, belief-tracking
EDAT- 2019/07/05 06:00
MHDA- 2020/10/21 06:00
CRDT- 2019/07/05 06:00
PHST- 2018/10/29 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2019/05/20 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2019/06/23 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/07/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/10/21 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2019/07/05 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S0010-0277(19)30190-8 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104017 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Cognition. 2019 Dec;193:104017. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104017. Epub 2019 
      Jul 1.