PMID- 31275244
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20200225
IS  - 1664-2392 (Print)
IS  - 1664-2392 (Electronic)
IS  - 1664-2392 (Linking)
VI  - 10
DP  - 2019
TI  - Evolution of Structural and Functional Diversity of Spexin in Mammalian and 
      Non-mammalian Vertebrate Species.
PG  - 379
LID - 10.3389/fendo.2019.00379 [doi]
LID - 379
AB  - Spexin (SPX) is a novel neuropeptide, which was first identified in the human 
      genome using bioinformatics. Since then, orthologs of human SPX have been 
      identified in mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates. The mature sequence of 
      SPX, NWTPQAMLYLKGAQ, is evolutionally conserved across vertebrate species, with 
      some variations in teleost species where Ala at position 13 is substituted by 
      Thr. In mammals, the gene structure of SPX comprises six exons and five introns, 
      however, variation exists within non-mammalian species, goldfish and zebrafish 
      having five exons while grouper has six exons. Phylogenetic and synteny analysis, 
      reveal that SPX is grouped together with two neuropeptides, kisspeptin (KISS) and 
      galanin (GAL) as a family of peptides with a common evolutionary ancestor. A 
      paralog of SPX, termed SPX2 has been identified in non-mammalians but not in the 
      mammalian genome. Ligand-receptor interaction study also shows that SPX acts as a 
      ligand for GAL receptor 2 (2a and 2b in non-mammalian vertebrates) and 3. SPX 
      acts as a neuromodulator with multiple central and peripheral physiological roles 
      in the regulation of insulin release, fat metabolism, feeding behavior, and 
      reproduction. Collectively, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the 
      evolutionary diversity as well as molecular and physiological roles of SPX in 
      mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrate species.
FAU - Lim, Chor Hong
AU  - Lim CH
AD  - Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 
      Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.
FAU - Lee, Megan You Min
AU  - Lee MYM
AD  - Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 
      Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.
FAU - Soga, Tomoko
AU  - Soga T
AD  - Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 
      Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.
FAU - Parhar, Ishwar
AU  - Parhar I
AD  - Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 
      Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20190619
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)
JT  - Frontiers in endocrinology
JID - 101555782
PMC - PMC6593056
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - fat metabolism
OT  - galanin receptor
OT  - neuropeptide
OT  - obesity
OT  - reproduction
EDAT- 2019/07/06 06:00
MHDA- 2019/07/06 06:01
PMCR- 2019/01/01
CRDT- 2019/07/06 06:00
PHST- 2019/03/10 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2019/05/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/07/06 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2019/07/06 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/07/06 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2019/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fendo.2019.00379 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019 Jun 19;10:379. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00379. 
      eCollection 2019.