PMID- 31276388
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20191128
LR  - 20191128
IS  - 1520-5851 (Electronic)
IS  - 0013-936X (Linking)
VI  - 53
IP  - 14
DP  - 2019 Jul 16
TI  - Oxidative Breakers Can Stimulate Halogenation and Competitive Oxidation in 
      Guar-Gelled Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids.
PG  - 8216-8226
LID - 10.1021/acs.est.9b01896 [doi]
AB  - A number of flowback samples derived from horizontally drilled hydraulic 
      fracturing (HDHF) operations reveal consistent detections of halogenated organic 
      species , yet the source of these compounds remains uncertain. Studies simulating 
      subsurface conditions have found that oxidative "breakers" can halogenate certain 
      additives, but these pathways are unverified in the presence of 
      cross-linked-gels, common features of HDHF operations. Using a high-throughput 
      custom reactor system, we implemented a reaction matrix to test the capacity for 
      halogenation of two frequently disclosed compounds with demonstrated halogenation 
      pathways (cinnamaldehyde and citric acid) across guar gels with varied types and 
      concentrations of cross-linkers and oxidative breakers. Cinnamaldehyde 
      halogenation proceeded most readily in borate cross-linked gels at high ammonium 
      persulfate dosages. Citric acid formed trihalomethanes (THMs) broadly across the 
      matrix, generating brominated THMs at higher levels of hypochlorite breaker. 
      Isolated removals of cross-linker or guar enhanced or diminished certain product 
      formations, highlighting additional capacities for relevant ingredients to 
      influence halogenation. Finally, we analyzed flowback samples from the 
      Denver-Julesberg Basin, finding that additions of oxidant enhanced halogenation. 
      As a more realistic subsurface simulation, this work demonstrates strict criteria 
      for the subsurface halogenation of cinnamaldehyde and the broad capacity for THM 
      formation due to systematic oxidant usage as gel breakers in HDHF operations.
FAU - Sumner, Andrew J
AU  - Sumner AJ
AD  - Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New 
      Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States.
FAU - Plata, Desiree L
AU  - Plata DL
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0657-7735
AD  - Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New 
      Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States.
AD  - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of 
      Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20190705
PL  - United States
TA  - Environ Sci Technol
JT  - Environmental science & technology
JID - 0213155
RN  - 0 (Trihalomethanes)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Cyamopsis
MH  - Halogenation
MH  - *Hydraulic Fracking
MH  - Oxidative Stress
MH  - Trihalomethanes
MH  - *Water Pollutants, Chemical
MH  - *Water Purification
EDAT- 2019/07/06 06:00
MHDA- 2019/11/30 06:00
CRDT- 2019/07/06 06:00
PHST- 2019/07/06 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/11/30 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2019/07/06 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1021/acs.est.9b01896 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Sci Technol. 2019 Jul 16;53(14):8216-8226. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01896. 
      Epub 2019 Jul 5.