PMID- 31421676
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20191220
LR  - 20200225
IS  - 1347-4715 (Electronic)
IS  - 1342-078X (Print)
IS  - 1342-078X (Linking)
VI  - 24
IP  - 1
DP  - 2019 Aug 17
TI  - Seroprevalence of influenza A virus in pigs and low risk of acute respiratory 
      illness among pig workers in Kenya.
PG  - 53
LID - 10.1186/s12199-019-0808-6 [doi]
LID - 53
AB  - BACKGROUND: Influenza A viruses pose a significant risk to human health because 
      of their wide host range and ability to reassort into novel viruses that can 
      cause serious disease and pandemics. Since transmission of these viruses between 
      humans and pigs can be associated with occupational and environmental exposures, 
      we investigated the association between occupational exposure to pigs, occurrence 
      of acute respiratory illness (ARI), and influenza A virus infection. METHODS: The 
      study was conducted in Kiambu County, the county with the highest level of 
      intensive small-scale pig farming in Kenya. Up to 3 participants (> 2 years old) 
      per household from pig-keeping and non-pig-keeping households were randomly 
      recruited and followed up in 2013 (Sept-Dec) and 2014 (Apr-Aug). Oropharyngeal 
      (OP) and nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs were collected from participants with ARI at 
      the time of study visit. For the animal study, nasal and oropharyngeal swabs, and 
      serum samples were collected from pigs and poultry present in enrolled 
      households. The human and animal swab samples were tested for viral nucleic acid 
      by RT-PCR and sera by ELISA for antibodies. A Poisson generalized linear 
      mixed-effects model was developed to assess the association between pig exposure 
      and occurrence of ARI. RESULTS: Of 1137 human participants enrolled, 625 (55%) 
      completed follow-up visits including 172 (27.5%) pig workers and 453 (72.5%) 
      non-pig workers. Of 130 human NP/OP swabs tested, four (3.1%) were positive for 
      influenza A virus, one pig worker, and three among non-pig workers. Whereas none 
      of the 4462 swabs collected from pig and poultry tested positive for influenza A 
      virus by RT-PCR, 265 of 4273 (6.2%) of the sera tested positive for virus 
      antibodies by ELISA, including 11.6% (230/1990) of the pigs and 1.5% (35/2,283) 
      of poultry. The cumulative incidence of ARI was 16.9% among pig workers and 26.9% 
      among the non-pig workers. The adjusted risk ratio for the association between 
      being a pig worker and experiencing an episode of ARI was 0.56 (95% CI [0.33, 
      0.93]), after adjusting for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings 
      demonstrate moderate seropositivity for influenza A virus among pigs, suggesting 
      the circulation of swine influenza virus and a potential for interspecies 
      transmission.
FAU - Osoro, Eric Mogaka
AU  - Osoro EM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5133-4279
AD  - Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya. 
      eric.osoro@wsu.edu.
FAU - Lidechi, Shirley
AU  - Lidechi S
AD  - Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
FAU - Marwanga, Doris
AU  - Marwanga D
AD  - Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
FAU - Nyaundi, Jeremiah
AU  - Nyaundi J
AD  - Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
FAU - Mwatondo, Athman
AU  - Mwatondo A
AD  - Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya.
FAU - Muturi, Mathew
AU  - Muturi M
AD  - Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Nairobi, Kenya.
FAU - Ng'ang'a, Zipporah
AU  - Ng'ang'a Z
AD  - Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya.
FAU - Njenga, Kariuki
AU  - Njenga K
AD  - Washington State University, Pullman, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - HHSN266200700007C/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/
GR  - Core funding/GH/CGH CDC HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20190817
PL  - Japan
TA  - Environ Health Prev Med
JT  - Environmental health and preventive medicine
JID - 9609642
RN  - 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
RN  - 0 (RNA, Viral)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Adult
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antibodies, Viral/blood
MH  - Child
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Incidence
MH  - Influenza A virus/genetics/immunology/*physiology
MH  - Influenza, Human/*epidemiology/transmission/virology
MH  - Kenya/epidemiology
MH  - Male
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Orthomyxoviridae Infections/*epidemiology/transmission
MH  - Pharynx/virology
MH  - Poultry/virology
MH  - RNA, Viral/genetics
MH  - Risk Factors
MH  - Seroepidemiologic Studies
MH  - Swine/virology
MH  - Swine Diseases/epidemiology/transmission
MH  - Young Adult
MH  - Zoonoses/*epidemiology/transmission
PMC - PMC6698327
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Acute respiratory illness
OT  - Influenza A virus
OT  - Pig workers
OT  - Zoonoses
COIS- The authors declare that they have no competing interests
EDAT- 2019/08/20 06:00
MHDA- 2019/12/21 06:00
PMCR- 2019/08/17
CRDT- 2019/08/19 06:00
PHST- 2019/04/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2019/08/02 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/08/19 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2019/08/20 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/12/21 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2019/08/17 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1186/s12199-019-0808-6 [pii]
AID - 808 [pii]
AID - 10.1186/s12199-019-0808-6 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Environ Health Prev Med. 2019 Aug 17;24(1):53. doi: 10.1186/s12199-019-0808-6.