PMID- 31443724 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20200210 LR - 20200210 IS - 1742-4755 (Electronic) IS - 1742-4755 (Linking) VI - 16 IP - 1 DP - 2019 Aug 23 TI - Fertility and family planning in Uttar Pradesh, India: major progress and persistent gaps. PG - 129 LID - 10.1186/s12978-019-0790-x [doi] LID - 129 AB - BACKGROUND: Uttar Pradesh (UP) is the most populous state in India with historically high levels of fertility rates than the national average. Though fertility levels in UP declined considerably in recent decades, the current level is well above the government's target of 2.1. DATA AND METHODS: Fertility and family planning data obtained from the different rounds of Sample Registration System (SRS) and the National Family Health Survey (NFHS). We analyzed fertility and family planning trends in India and UP, including differences in methods mix, using SRS (1971-2016) and NFHS (1992-2016). Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were used. RESULTS: From 2000, while the total fertility rate (TFR) declined in UP, it is still well above the national level in 2015-16 (2.7 vs 2.18, respectively). The demand for family planning satisfied increased from 52 to 72% during 1998-99 to 2015-16 in UP, compared to an increase from 75 to 81% in India. Traditional methods play a much greater role in UP than in India (22 and 9% of the demand satisfied respectively), while use of sterilization was relatively low in UP when compared to the national averages (18.0 and 36.3% of current married women 15-49 years in UP and India, respectively in 2015-16). Within UP, district fertility ranged from 1.6 to 4.4, with higher fertility concentrated in districts with low female schooling, predominantly located in north-central UP. Fertility declines were largest in districts with high fertility in the late nineties (B = 7.33, p < .001). Among currently married women, use of traditional methods increased and accounted for almost one-third of users in 2015-16. Use of sterilization declined but remained the primary method (ranging from 33 to 41% of users in high and low fertility districts respectively) while condom use increased from 17 and 16% in 1998-99 to 23 and 25% in 2015-16 in low and high fertility districts respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Greater reliance on traditional methods and condoms coupled with relatively low demand for modern contraception suggest inadequate access to modern contraceptives, especially in district with high fertility rates. Family planning activities need to be appropriately scaled according to need and geography to ensure the achievement of state-level improvements in family planning programs and fertility outcomes. FAU - Halli, Shiva S AU - Halli SS AD - Department of Community Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W3, Canada. shiva.halli@umanitoba.ca. AD - India Health Action Trust, VK Commerce, Rajajinagar Industrial Area, Rajajinagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560044, India. shiva.halli@umanitoba.ca. FAU - Ashwini, Damaraju AU - Ashwini D AD - India Health Action Trust, VK Commerce, Rajajinagar Industrial Area, Rajajinagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560044, India. FAU - Dehury, Bidyadhar AU - Dehury B AD - India Health Action Trust, VK Commerce, Rajajinagar Industrial Area, Rajajinagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560044, India. FAU - Isac, Shajy AU - Isac S AD - Department of Community Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W3, Canada. AD - India Health Action Trust, VK Commerce, Rajajinagar Industrial Area, Rajajinagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560044, India. FAU - Joseph, Antony AU - Joseph A AD - Department of Community Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W3, Canada. AD - India Health Action Trust, VK Commerce, Rajajinagar Industrial Area, Rajajinagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560044, India. FAU - Anand, Preeti AU - Anand P AD - Department of Community Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W3, Canada. AD - India Health Action Trust, VK Commerce, Rajajinagar Industrial Area, Rajajinagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560044, India. FAU - Gothalwal, Vikas AU - Gothalwal V AD - Department of Community Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W3, Canada. FAU - Prakash, Ravi AU - Prakash R AD - Department of Community Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W3, Canada. AD - India Health Action Trust, VK Commerce, Rajajinagar Industrial Area, Rajajinagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560044, India. FAU - Ramesh, B M AU - Ramesh BM AD - Department of Community Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W3, Canada. FAU - Blanchard, James AU - Blanchard J AD - Department of Community Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W3, Canada. FAU - Boerma, Ties AU - Boerma T AD - Department of Community Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W3, Canada. LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20190823 PL - England TA - Reprod Health JT - Reproductive health JID - 101224380 SB - IM MH - Birth Rate MH - Contraception/*statistics & numerical data MH - Demography MH - Developing Countries MH - Family Planning Services/*statistics & numerical data MH - Female MH - *Fertility MH - *Health Services Needs and Demand MH - Humans MH - India MH - *Sex Education PMC - PMC6706892 OTO - NOTNLM OT - Family planning OT - Geographical variation OT - NFHS OT - Total fertility rate OT - Uttar Pradesh COIS- The authors declare that they have no competing interests. EDAT- 2019/08/25 06:00 MHDA- 2020/02/11 06:00 PMCR- 2019/08/23 CRDT- 2019/08/25 06:00 PHST- 2019/05/17 00:00 [received] PHST- 2019/08/12 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2019/08/25 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2019/08/25 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2020/02/11 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2019/08/23 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.1186/s12978-019-0790-x [pii] AID - 790 [pii] AID - 10.1186/s12978-019-0790-x [doi] PST - epublish SO - Reprod Health. 2019 Aug 23;16(1):129. doi: 10.1186/s12978-019-0790-x.