PMID- 31491031
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200310
LR  - 20200310
IS  - 1932-6203 (Electronic)
IS  - 1932-6203 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 9
DP  - 2019
TI  - Possible roles of monocytes/macrophages in response to elephant endotheliotropic 
      herpesvirus (EEHV) infections in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).
PG  - e0222158
LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0222158 [doi]
LID - e0222158
AB  - Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus-hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) is the 
      primary cause of acute, highly fatal, hemorrhagic diseases in young Asian 
      elephants. Although monocytopenia is frequently observed in EEHV-HD cases, the 
      role monocytes play in EEHV-disease pathogenesis is unknown. This study seeks to 
      explain the responses of monocytes/macrophages in the pathogenesis of EEHV-HD. 
      Samples of blood, frozen tissues, and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) 
      tissues from EEHV1A-HD, EEHV4-HD, co-infected EEHV1A and 4-HD, and EEHV-negative 
      calves were analyzed. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the 
      persistent EEHV4-infected and EEHV-negative calves were also studied. The results 
      showed increased infiltration of Iba-1-positive macrophages in the inflamed 
      tissues of the internal organs of elephant calves with EEHV-HD. In addition, 
      cellular apoptosis also increased in the tissues of elephants with EEHV-HD, 
      especially in the PBMCs, compared to the EEHV-negative control. In the PBMCs of 
      persistent EEHV4-infected elephants, cytokine mRNA expression was high, 
      particularly up-regulation of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. Moreover, viral particles were 
      observed in the cytoplasm of the persistent EEHV4-infected elephant monocytes. 
      Our study demonstrated for the first time that apoptosis of the PBMCs increased 
      in cases of EEHV-HD. Furthermore, this study showed that monocytes may serve as a 
      vehicle for viral dissemination during EEHV infection in Asian elephants.
FAU - Srivorakul, Saralee
AU  - Srivorakul S
AD  - Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai 
      University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
FAU - Guntawang, Thunyamas
AU  - Guntawang T
AD  - Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of 
      Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
FAU - Kochagul, Varankpicha
AU  - Kochagul V
AD  - Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai 
      University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
FAU - Photichai, Kornravee
AU  - Photichai K
AD  - Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai 
      University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
FAU - Sittisak, Tidaratt
AU  - Sittisak T
AD  - Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of 
      Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
FAU - Janyamethakul, Thittaya
AU  - Janyamethakul T
AD  - Patara Elephant Farm, Hang Dong, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
FAU - Boonprasert, Khajohnpat
AU  - Boonprasert K
AD  - Center of Excellence in Elephant and Wildlife Research, Chiang Mai University, 
      Chiang Mai, Thailand.
FAU - Khammesri, Siripat
AU  - Khammesri S
AD  - Maesa Elephant Camp, Mae Rim, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
FAU - Langkaphin, Warangkhana
AU  - Langkaphin W
AD  - National Elephant Institute, Forest Industry Organization, Lampang, Thailand.
FAU - Punyapornwithaya, Veerasak
AU  - Punyapornwithaya V
AD  - Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai 
      University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
FAU - Chuammitri, Phongsakorn
AU  - Chuammitri P
AD  - Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of 
      Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
FAU - Thitaram, Chatchote
AU  - Thitaram C
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9319-5596
AD  - Center of Excellence in Elephant and Wildlife Research, Chiang Mai University, 
      Chiang Mai, Thailand.
AD  - Department of Companion Animals and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary 
      Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
FAU - Pringproa, Kidsadagon
AU  - Pringproa K
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7291-1100
AD  - Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of 
      Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
AD  - Center of Excellence in Elephant and Wildlife Research, Chiang Mai University, 
      Chiang Mai, Thailand.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20190906
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS One
JT  - PloS one
JID - 101285081
RN  - 0 (Cytokines)
RN  - 0 (RNA, Messenger)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Apoptosis
MH  - Cytokines/genetics
MH  - Elephants/*virology
MH  - Female
MH  - Gene Expression Regulation
MH  - Herpesviridae/*physiology
MH  - Herpesviridae Infections/genetics/*immunology
MH  - Macrophages/*cytology
MH  - Male
MH  - Monocytes/*cytology
MH  - RNA, Messenger/genetics
PMC - PMC6730851
COIS- The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2019/09/07 06:00
MHDA- 2020/03/11 06:00
PMCR- 2019/09/06
CRDT- 2019/09/07 06:00
PHST- 2019/03/29 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2019/08/22 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/09/07 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2019/09/07 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/03/11 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2019/09/06 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PONE-D-19-08095 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0222158 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS One. 2019 Sep 6;14(9):e0222158. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222158. 
      eCollection 2019.