PMID- 31540364
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20200930
IS  - 2075-4418 (Print)
IS  - 2075-4418 (Electronic)
IS  - 2075-4418 (Linking)
VI  - 9
IP  - 3
DP  - 2019 Sep 18
TI  - Evaluation of Acridine Orange Staining for a Semi-Automated Urinalysis 
      Microscopic Examination at the Point-of-Care.
LID - 10.3390/diagnostics9030122 [doi]
LID - 122
AB  - A urinary tract infection (UTI) can be diagnosed via urinalysis, consisting of a 
      dipstick test and manual microscopic examination. Point-of-care (POC) image-based 
      systems have been designed to automate the microscopic examination for low-volume 
      laboratories or low-resource clinics. In this pilot study, acridine orange (AO) 
      was evaluated as a fluorescence-based contrast agent to aid in detecting and 
      enumerating urine sediment specific for diagnosing a UTI. Acridine orange 
      staining of epithelial cells, leukocytes, and bacteria provided sufficient 
      contrast to successfully implement image segmentation techniques, which enabled 
      the extraction of classifiable morphologic features. Surface area bounded by each 
      cell border was used to differentiate the sediment; epithelial cells were larger 
      than 500mum(2), bacteria were less than 30mum(2), and leukocytes in between. This 
      image-based semi-automated technique using AO resulted in similar cell counts to 
      the clinical results, which demonstrates the feasibility of AO as an aid for POC 
      urinalysis systems.
FAU - Powless, Amy J
AU  - Powless AJ
AD  - Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 
      72701, USA. apowless@uark.edu.
FAU - Prieto, Sandra P
AU  - Prieto SP
AD  - Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 
      72701, USA. spprieto@uark.edu.
FAU - Gramling, Madison R
AU  - Gramling MR
AD  - Pat Walker Health Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA. 
      gramling@uark.edu.
FAU - Conley, Roxanna J
AU  - Conley RJ
AD  - Pat Walker Health Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA. 
      rjconley@uark.edu.
FAU - Holley, Gregory G
AU  - Holley GG
AD  - Pat Walker Health Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA. 
      gholley@uark.edu.
FAU - Muldoon, Timothy J
AU  - Muldoon TJ
AD  - Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 
      72701, USA. tmuldoon@uark.edu.
LA  - eng
GR  - N/A/Arkansas Biosciences Institute/
GR  - N/A/Arkansas Women's Giving Circle/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20190918
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Diagnostics (Basel)
JT  - Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101658402
PMC - PMC6787640
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - acridine orange
OT  - cell classification
OT  - fluorescence
OT  - point-of-care
OT  - urinalysis
OT  - urinary tract infection
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2019/09/22 06:00
MHDA- 2019/09/22 06:01
PMCR- 2019/09/18
CRDT- 2019/09/22 06:00
PHST- 2019/08/29 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2019/09/11 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2019/09/16 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/09/22 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2019/09/22 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/09/22 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2019/09/18 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - diagnostics9030122 [pii]
AID - diagnostics-09-00122 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/diagnostics9030122 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Diagnostics (Basel). 2019 Sep 18;9(3):122. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics9030122.