PMID- 31629353
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210726
LR  - 20210726
IS  - 1543-2742 (Electronic)
IS  - 1526-484X (Linking)
VI  - 30
IP  - 1
DP  - 2020 Jan 1
TI  - Influence of Periodizing Dietary Carbohydrate on Iron Regulation and Immune 
      Function in Elite Triathletes.
PG  - 34-41
LID - ijsnem.2019-0131 [pii]
LID - 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0131 [doi]
AB  - Sleeping with low carbohydrate (CHO) availability is a dietary strategy that may 
      enhance training adaptation. However, the impact on an athlete's health is 
      unclear. This study quantified the effect of a short-term "sleep-low" dietary 
      intervention on markers of iron regulation and immune function in athletes. In a 
      randomized, repeated-measures design, 11 elite triathletes completed two 4-day 
      mixed cycle run training blocks. Key training sessions were structured such that 
      a high-intensity training session was performed in the field on the afternoon of 
      Days 1 and 3, and a low-intensity training (LIT) session was performed on the 
      following morning in the laboratory (Days 2 and 4). The ingestion of CHO was 
      either divided evenly across the day (HIGH) or restricted between the 
      high-intensity training and LIT sessions, so that the LIT session was performed 
      with low CHO availability (LOW). Venous blood and saliva samples were collected 
      prior to and following each LIT session and analyzed for interleukin-6, hepcidin 
      25, and salivary immunoglobulin-A. Concentrations of interleukin-6 increased 
      acutely after exercise (p < .001), but did not differ between dietary conditions 
      or days. Hepcidin 25 increased 3-hr postexercise (p < .001), with the greatest 
      increase evident after the LOW trial on Day 2 (2.5 +/- 0.9 fold increase +/-90% 
      confidence limit). The salivary immunoglobulin-A secretion rate did not change in 
      response to exercise; however, it was highest during the LOW condition on Day 4 
      (p = .046). There appears to be minimal impact to markers of immune function and 
      iron regulation when acute exposure to low CHO availability is undertaken with 
      expert nutrition and coaching input.
FAU - McKay, Alannah K A
AU  - McKay AKA
AD  - The University of Western Australia.
AD  - Australian Institute of Sport.
AD  - Western Australian Institute of Sport.
FAU - Heikura, Ida A
AU  - Heikura IA
AD  - Australian Institute of Sport.
AD  - Australian Catholic University.
FAU - Burke, Louise M
AU  - Burke LM
AD  - Australian Institute of Sport.
AD  - Australian Catholic University.
FAU - Peeling, Peter
AU  - Peeling P
AD  - The University of Western Australia.
AD  - Western Australian Institute of Sport.
FAU - Pyne, David B
AU  - Pyne DB
AD  - University of Canberra.
FAU - van Swelm, Rachel P L
AU  - van Swelm RPL
AD  - Radboud University Medical Center.
AD  - Geert Grooteplein.
FAU - Laarakkers, Coby M
AU  - Laarakkers CM
AD  - Radboud University Medical Center.
AD  - Geert Grooteplein.
FAU - Cox, Gregory R
AU  - Cox GR
AD  - Bond University.
AD  - Triathlon Australia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Randomized Controlled Trial
PL  - United States
TA  - Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab
JT  - International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
JID - 100939812
RN  - 0 (Biomarkers)
RN  - 0 (Dietary Carbohydrates)
RN  - 0 (Hepcidins)
RN  - 0 (Immunoglobulin A, Secretory)
RN  - 0 (Interleukin-6)
RN  - E1UOL152H7 (Iron)
SB  - IM
MH  - Bicycling/physiology
MH  - Biomarkers/blood/metabolism
MH  - Cross-Over Studies
MH  - Dietary Carbohydrates/*administration & dosage
MH  - Female
MH  - Hepcidins/blood/metabolism
MH  - High-Intensity Interval Training
MH  - Humans
MH  - Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/metabolism
MH  - Interleukin-6/blood/*metabolism
MH  - Iron/*metabolism
MH  - Male
MH  - Physical Conditioning, Human/methods/*physiology
MH  - Resistance Training
MH  - Running/physiology
MH  - Saliva/immunology/metabolism
MH  - Sleep/*physiology
MH  - Swimming/physiology
MH  - Young Adult
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - hepcidin
OT  - sleep low
OT  - train low
EDAT- 2019/10/20 06:00
MHDA- 2021/07/27 06:00
CRDT- 2019/10/20 06:00
PHST- 2019/05/09 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2019/07/04 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2019/07/04 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/10/20 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/07/27 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2019/10/20 06:00 [entrez]
AID - ijsnem.2019-0131 [pii]
AID - 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0131 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2020 Jan 1;30(1):34-41. doi: 
      10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0131.