PMID- 31642141
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210113
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1360-0443 (Electronic)
IS  - 0965-2140 (Print)
IS  - 0965-2140 (Linking)
VI  - 115
IP  - 1
DP  - 2020 Jan
TI  - Spatio-temporal assessment of illicit drug use at large scale: evidence from 7 
      years of international wastewater monitoring.
PG  - 109-120
LID - 10.1111/add.14767 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Wastewater-based epidemiology is an additional indicator of 
      drug use that is gaining reliability to complement the current established panel 
      of indicators. The aims of this study were to: (i) assess spatial and temporal 
      trends of population-normalized mass loads of benzoylecgonine, amphetamine, 
      methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in raw wastewater 
      over 7 years (2011-17); (ii) address overall drug use by estimating the average 
      number of combined doses consumed per day in each city; and (iii) compare these 
      with existing prevalence and seizure data. DESIGN: Analysis of daily raw 
      wastewater composite samples collected over 1 week per year from 2011 to 2017. 
      SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Catchment areas of 143 wastewater treatment plants in 
      120 cities in 37 countries. MEASUREMENTS: Parent substances (amphetamine, 
      methamphetamine and MDMA) and the metabolites of cocaine (benzoylecgonine) and of 
      Delta(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol) were 
      measured in wastewater using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. 
      Daily mass loads (mg/day) were normalized to catchment population (mg/1000 
      people/day) and converted to the number of combined doses consumed per day. 
      Spatial differences were assessed world-wide, and temporal trends were discerned 
      at European level by comparing 2011-13 drug loads versus 2014-17 loads. FINDINGS: 
      Benzoylecgonine was the stimulant metabolite detected at higher loads in southern 
      and western Europe, and amphetamine, MDMA and methamphetamine in East and 
      North-Central Europe. In other continents, methamphetamine showed the highest 
      levels in the United States and Australia and benzoylecgonine in South America. 
      During the reporting period, benzoylecgonine loads increased in general across 
      Europe, amphetamine and methamphetamine levels fluctuated and MDMA underwent an 
      intermittent upsurge. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of wastewater to quantify drug 
      loads provides near real-time drug use estimates that globally correspond to 
      prevalence and seizure data.
CI  - (c) 2019 The Authors. Addiction published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of 
      Society for the Study of Addiction.
FAU - Gonzalez-Marino, Iria
AU  - Gonzalez-Marino I
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2846-8380
AD  - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 
      Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
AD  - Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and 
      Bromatology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
FAU - Baz-Lomba, Jose Antonio
AU  - Baz-Lomba JA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4923-3337
AD  - Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.
FAU - Alygizakis, Nikiforos A
AU  - Alygizakis NA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5727-4999
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and 
      Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
FAU - Andres-Costa, Maria Jesus
AU  - Andres-Costa MJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3509-9739
AD  - Food and Environmental Safety Research Group, University of Valencia, Moncada, 
      Spain.
FAU - Bade, Richard
AU  - Bade R
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2724-9183
AD  - School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 
      South Australia, Australia.
FAU - Bannwarth, Anne
AU  - Bannwarth A
AD  - Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
FAU - Barron, Leon P
AU  - Barron LP
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5986-3853
AD  - King's Forensics, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's 
      College London, London, UK.
FAU - Been, Frederic
AU  - Been F
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5910-3248
AD  - KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.
FAU - Benaglia, Lisa
AU  - Benaglia L
AD  - Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
FAU - Berset, Jean-Daniel
AU  - Berset JD
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5337-7798
AD  - University of Bern, Institute of Plant Sciences, Bern, Switzerland.
FAU - Bijlsma, Lubertus
AU  - Bijlsma L
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7005-8775
AD  - Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellon, 
      Spain.
FAU - Bodik, Igor
AU  - Bodik I
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7410-7789
AD  - Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, 
      Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia.
FAU - Brenner, Asher
AU  - Brenner A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9796-5391
AD  - Unit of Environmental Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 
      Beer-Sheva, Israel.
FAU - Brock, Andreas L
AU  - Brock AL
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3792-9572
AD  - Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens 
      Lyngby, Denmark.
FAU - Burgard, Daniel A
AU  - Burgard DA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2727-9307
AD  - University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA, USA.
FAU - Castrignano, Erika
AU  - Castrignano E
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5555-9894
AD  - Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
AD  - Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College 
      London, London, UK.
FAU - Celma, Alberto
AU  - Celma A
AD  - Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellon, 
      Spain.
FAU - Christophoridis, Christophoros E
AU  - Christophoridis CE
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2298-7136
AD  - Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle 
      University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
FAU - Covaci, Adrian
AU  - Covaci A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0527-1136
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - Delemont, Olivier
AU  - Delemont O
AD  - Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
FAU - de Voogt, Pim
AU  - de Voogt P
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9065-9797
AD  - KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.
AD  - IBED, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
FAU - Devault, Damien A
AU  - Devault DA
AD  - Universite Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Universite Paris-Saclay, 
      Chatenay-Malabry, France.
FAU - Dias, Mario J
AU  - Dias MJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5900-5899
AD  - National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal.
FAU - Emke, Erik
AU  - Emke E
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8441-1709
AD  - KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.
FAU - Esseiva, Pierre
AU  - Esseiva P
AD  - Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
FAU - Fatta-Kassinos, Despo
AU  - Fatta-Kassinos D
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1173-0941
AD  - NIREAS-International Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental 
      Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
FAU - Fedorova, Ganna
AU  - Fedorova G
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5492-7459
AD  - Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in 
      Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi, Czech Republic.
FAU - Fytianos, Konstantinos
AU  - Fytianos K
AD  - Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle 
      University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
FAU - Gerber, Cobus
AU  - Gerber C
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9070-843X
AD  - School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 
      South Australia, Australia.
FAU - Grabic, Roman
AU  - Grabic R
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0935-2075
AD  - Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in 
      Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi, Czech Republic.
FAU - Gracia-Lor, Emma
AU  - Gracia-Lor E
AD  - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
AD  - Department of Analytical Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 
      Spain.
FAU - Gruner, Stefan
AU  - Gruner S
AD  - Chair of Urban Water Management, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, 
      Germany.
FAU - Gunnar, Teemu
AU  - Gunnar T
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4304-8031
AD  - Forensic Toxicology, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, 
      Finland.
FAU - Hapeshi, Evroula
AU  - Hapeshi E
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2785-145X
AD  - NIREAS-International Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental 
      Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
FAU - Heath, Ester
AU  - Heath E
AD  - Department of Environmental Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, 
      Slovenia.
FAU - Helm, Bjorn
AU  - Helm B
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4963-7523
AD  - Chair of Urban Water Management, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, 
      Germany.
FAU - Hernandez, Felix
AU  - Hernandez F
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1268-3083
AD  - Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellon, 
      Spain.
FAU - Kankaanpaa, Aino
AU  - Kankaanpaa A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2272-5726
AD  - Forensic Toxicology, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, 
      Finland.
FAU - Karolak, Sara
AU  - Karolak S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0904-3459
AD  - Universite Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Universite Paris-Saclay, 
      Chatenay-Malabry, France.
FAU - Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara
AU  - Kasprzyk-Hordern B
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6809-2875
AD  - Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
FAU - Krizman-Matasic, Ivona
AU  - Krizman-Matasic I
AD  - Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 
      Zagreb, Croatia.
FAU - Lai, Foon Yin
AU  - Lai FY
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8996-6714
AD  - Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural 
      Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
FAU - Lechowicz, Wojciech
AU  - Lechowicz W
AD  - Institute of Forensic Research, Krakow, Poland.
FAU - Lopes, Alvaro
AU  - Lopes A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1034-7086
AD  - Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
FAU - Lopez de Alda, Miren
AU  - Lopez de Alda M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9347-2765
AD  - Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, 
      Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, 
      Spain.
FAU - Lopez-Garcia, Ester
AU  - Lopez-Garcia E
AD  - Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, 
      Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, 
      Spain.
FAU - Love, Arndis S C
AU  - Love ASC
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3573-0607
AD  - Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 
      Iceland.
FAU - Mastroianni, Nicola
AU  - Mastroianni N
AD  - Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, 
      Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, 
      Spain.
FAU - McEneff, Gillian L
AU  - McEneff GL
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2590-413X
AD  - King's Forensics, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's 
      College London, London, UK.
FAU - Montes, Rosa
AU  - Montes R
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4154-3541
AD  - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 
      Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
FAU - Munro, Kelly
AU  - Munro K
AD  - King's Forensics, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's 
      College London, London, UK.
FAU - Nefau, Thomas
AU  - Nefau T
AD  - Universite Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Universite Paris-Saclay, 
      Chatenay-Malabry, France.
FAU - Oberacher, Herbert
AU  - Oberacher H
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0963-8268
AD  - Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of 
      Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
FAU - O'Brien, Jake W
AU  - O'Brien JW
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9336-9656
AD  - Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of 
      Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
FAU - Oertel, Reinhard
AU  - Oertel R
AD  - Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, 
      Germany.
FAU - Olafsdottir, Kristin
AU  - Olafsdottir K
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3241-836X
AD  - Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 
      Iceland.
FAU - Pico, Yolanda
AU  - Pico Y
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9545-0965
AD  - Food and Environmental Safety Research Group, University of Valencia, Moncada, 
      Spain.
FAU - Plosz, Benedek G
AU  - Plosz BG
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7081-7038
AD  - Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens 
      Lyngby, Denmark.
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
FAU - Polesel, Fabio
AU  - Polesel F
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2906-3462
AD  - Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens 
      Lyngby, Denmark.
FAU - Postigo, Cristina
AU  - Postigo C
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7344-7044
AD  - Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, 
      Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, 
      Spain.
FAU - Quintana, Jose Benito
AU  - Quintana JB
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2566-8133
AD  - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 
      Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
FAU - Ramin, Pedram
AU  - Ramin P
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7245-072X
AD  - Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens 
      Lyngby, Denmark.
AD  - Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and 
      Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 
      Denmark.
FAU - Reid, Malcolm J
AU  - Reid MJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9988-4867
AD  - Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.
FAU - Rice, Jack
AU  - Rice J
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7439-9574
AD  - Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
FAU - Rodil, Rosario
AU  - Rodil R
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7100-723X
AD  - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 
      Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
FAU - Salgueiro-Gonzalez, Noelia
AU  - Salgueiro-Gonzalez N
AD  - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
FAU - Schubert, Sara
AU  - Schubert S
AD  - Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, 
      Germany.
FAU - Senta, Ivan
AU  - Senta I
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3308-5122
AD  - Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 
      Zagreb, Croatia.
FAU - Simoes, Susana M
AU  - Simoes SM
AD  - National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal.
FAU - Sremacki, Maja M
AU  - Sremacki MM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0671-5117
AD  - Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and 
      Occupational Safety, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
FAU - Styszko, Katarzyna
AU  - Styszko K
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0092-3772
AD  - Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, AGH University of 
      Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland.
FAU - Terzic, Senka
AU  - Terzic S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9351-3355
AD  - Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 
      Zagreb, Croatia.
FAU - Thomaidis, Nikolaos S
AU  - Thomaidis NS
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4624-4735
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and 
      Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
FAU - Thomas, Kevin V
AU  - Thomas KV
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2155-100X
AD  - Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.
AD  - Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of 
      Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
FAU - Tscharke, Ben J
AU  - Tscharke BJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3292-3534
AD  - Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of 
      Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
FAU - Udrisard, Robin
AU  - Udrisard R
AD  - Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
FAU - van Nuijs, Alexander L N
AU  - van Nuijs ALN
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9377-6160
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - Yargeau, Viviane
AU  - Yargeau V
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7332-276X
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
FAU - Zuccato, Ettore
AU  - Zuccato E
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2094-2305
AD  - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
FAU - Castiglioni, Sara
AU  - Castiglioni S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7313-8495
AD  - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
FAU - Ort, Christoph
AU  - Ort C
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9950-2286
AD  - Eawag, Urban Water Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and 
      Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland.
LA  - eng
GR  - COST Action ES1307/European Cooperation in Science and Technology/International
GR  - 163049-051/The Icelandic Research Fund/International
GR  - Thyne Reid Foundation/International
GR  - CTM2017-84763-C3-2-R/MINECO/AEI/International
GR  - 317205/EU International Training Network SEWPROF/International
GR  - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)/International
GR  - ED481D 2017/003/Galician Council of Culture, Education and 
      Universities/International
GR  - Marie Curie-FP7-PEOPLE/EU International Training Network SEWPROF/International
GR  - Environmental Sustainability Knowledge Transfer Network, Engineering and Physical 
      Sciences Research Council and Thermo Fisher Scientific/International
GR  - CTM2016-81935-REDT/MINECO/AEI/International
GR  - CTM2014-56628-C3-2-R/MINECO/AEI/International
GR  - CTQ2015-65603-P/MINECO/AEI/International
GR  - Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)/International
GR  - MR/S019669/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
GR  - L1-9191/Slovene Research Agency/International
GR  - HOME/2015/ISFP/PR/DRUG/0062/Wastewater Analysis of Traces of illicit drug-related 
      Chemicals for law enforcement and public Health (WATCH)/International
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20191023
PL  - England
TA  - Addiction
JT  - Addiction (Abingdon, England)
JID - 9304118
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - 44RAL3456C (Methamphetamine)
RN  - 5353I8I6YS (benzoylecgonine)
RN  - CK833KGX7E (Amphetamine)
RN  - I5Y540LHVR (Cocaine)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
SB  - IM
EIN - Addiction. 2020 May;115(5):994-996. PMID: 32281267
MH  - Amphetamine/analysis
MH  - Chromatography, Liquid
MH  - Cocaine/analogs & derivatives/analysis
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/*methods
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Illicit Drugs
MH  - Internationality
MH  - Methamphetamine/analysis
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/analysis
MH  - *Spatio-Temporal Analysis
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection/*methods
MH  - Tandem Mass Spectrometry
MH  - Wastewater/*chemistry
PMC - PMC6973045
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Amphetamine
OT  - cocaine
OT  - ecstasy/MDMA
OT  - illicit drugs
OT  - methamphetamine
OT  - wastewater-based epidemiology
EDAT- 2019/10/24 06:00
MHDA- 2021/01/14 06:00
PMCR- 2020/01/21
CRDT- 2019/10/24 06:00
PHST- 2018/12/21 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2019/07/15 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2019/07/23 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/10/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/01/14 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2019/10/24 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/01/21 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ADD14767 [pii]
AID - 10.1111/add.14767 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Addiction. 2020 Jan;115(1):109-120. doi: 10.1111/add.14767. Epub 2019 Oct 23.