PMID- 31671833
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200302
LR  - 20200302
IS  - 1660-4601 (Electronic)
IS  - 1661-7827 (Print)
IS  - 1660-4601 (Linking)
VI  - 16
IP  - 21
DP  - 2019 Oct 29
TI  - Assessment of Anxiety and Depression in Polish Primary Parental Caregivers of 
      Children with Cerebral Palsy Compared to a Control Group, as well as 
      Identification of Selected Predictors.
LID - 10.3390/ijerph16214173 [doi]
LID - 4173
AB  - BACKGROUND: Taking care of a child with Cerebral Palsy (CP) may be linked with 
      adverse effects in the parents' physical and mental health. The causes of anxiety 
      and depression symptoms associated with childcare are still not fully understood. 
      AIM: To assess the intensity of anxiety and depression symptoms in parents of 
      children with CP compared to a control group and to identify selected mental 
      health predictors. DESIGN AND METHODS: Data were collected from 301 respondents, 
      including 190 parents of children with CP (study group) and 111 parents taking 
      care of children developing normally (control group). Intensity of anxiety and 
      depression was rated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) 
      scale. Gross Motor Function Classification System for Cerebral Palsy (GMFCS), 
      Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC-29), Berlin Support Social Scales (BSSS) scales and 
      a specially designed questionnaire were used to assess the predictors. The 
      investigated variables included the children's and the parents' characteristics, 
      as well as environmental factors. The analyses applied Spearman's rank 
      correlation coefficient, M(SD) as well as multiple regression. RESULTS: The level 
      of anxiety and depression was clearly higher in the parents of children with 
      CP-the mean levels of anxiety and depression in the study group and the controls 
      amounted to 8.1 vs. 4.7 and 6.8 vs. 3.7, respectively. The factors associated 
      with intensity of anxiety and depression in the parents of children with CP 
      included lack of social support, mainly perceived and received support, 
      unsatisfying parental health status, poor economic status of the family, as well 
      as difficult living conditions, sense of coherence, loneliness, the parent's 
      gender, and the child's intellectual disability. CONCLUSIONS: Identification of 
      significant anxiety and depression predictors, understood as modifiable factors, 
      should be considered in determining and planning comprehensive support for a 
      child with CP and his/her primary parental caregiver.
FAU - Gugala, Barbara
AU  - Gugala B
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5807-0595
AD  - Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland. bgugala@ur.edu.pl.
AD  - Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, University of 
      Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland. bgugala@ur.edu.pl.
FAU - Penar-Zadarko, Beata
AU  - Penar-Zadarko B
AD  - Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland. 
      beata.penar@yahoo.com.
FAU - Pieciak-Kotlarz, Danuta
AU  - Pieciak-Kotlarz D
AD  - Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland. werhub0@tlen.pl.
FAU - Wardak, Katarzyna
AU  - Wardak K
AD  - Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland. 
      wardakk@interia.pl.
FAU - Lewicka-Chomont, Aneta
AU  - Lewicka-Chomont A
AD  - Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland. 
      aneta.lewchom@gmail.com.
FAU - Futyma-Ziaja, Magdalena
AU  - Futyma-Ziaja M
AD  - Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland. 
      magdafutyma@gmail.com.
FAU - Opara, Jozef
AU  - Opara J
AD  - Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland. 
      jozefopara@wp.pl.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20191029
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Int J Environ Res Public Health
JT  - International journal of environmental research and public health
JID - 101238455
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Adult
MH  - Anxiety/diagnosis/epidemiology/*etiology
MH  - Caregivers/*psychology
MH  - Case-Control Studies
MH  - Cerebral Palsy/*psychology
MH  - Child
MH  - Child, Preschool
MH  - Depression/diagnosis/epidemiology/*etiology
MH  - Female
MH  - Health Status
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Parents/*psychology
MH  - Poland/epidemiology
MH  - Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
MH  - Risk Factors
MH  - Social Support
MH  - Socioeconomic Factors
PMC - PMC6862674
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - anxiety
OT  - depression
OT  - determinants
OT  - parents of children with cerebral palsy
COIS- The authors have no known conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2019/11/02 06:00
MHDA- 2020/03/03 06:00
PMCR- 2019/11/01
CRDT- 2019/11/02 06:00
PHST- 2019/07/29 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2019/10/24 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2019/10/24 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/11/02 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2019/11/02 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/03/03 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2019/11/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ijerph16214173 [pii]
AID - ijerph-16-04173 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ijerph16214173 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Oct 29;16(21):4173. doi: 
      10.3390/ijerph16214173.