PMID- 31671856
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200305
LR  - 20200305
IS  - 1660-4601 (Electronic)
IS  - 1661-7827 (Print)
IS  - 1660-4601 (Linking)
VI  - 16
IP  - 21
DP  - 2019 Oct 29
TI  - Protective Effect of Breastfeeding on the Adverse Health Effects Induced by Air 
      Pollution: Current Evidence and Possible Mechanisms.
LID - 10.3390/ijerph16214181 [doi]
LID - 4181
AB  - Air pollution is a major social, economic, and health problem around the world. 
      Children are particularly susceptible to the negative effects of air pollution 
      due to their immaturity and excessive growth and development. The aims of this 
      narrative review were to: (1) summarize evidence about the protective effects of 
      breastfeeding on the adverse health effects of air pollution exposure, (2) define 
      and describe the potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of 
      breastfeeding, and (3) examine the potential effects of air pollution on 
      breastmilk composition and lactation. A literature search was conducted using 
      electronic databases. Existing evidence suggests that breastfeeding has a 
      protective effect on adverse outcomes of indoor and outdoor air pollution 
      exposure in respiratory (infections, lung function, asthma symptoms) and immune 
      (allergic, nervous and cardiovascular) systems, as well as under-five mortality 
      in both developing and developed countries. However, some studies reported no 
      protective effect of breastfeeding or even negative effects of breastfeeding for 
      under-five mortality. Several possible mechanisms of the breastfeeding protective 
      effect were proposed, including the beneficial influence of breastfeeding on 
      immune, respiratory, and nervous systems, which are related to the 
      immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective properties 
      of breastmilk. Breastmilk components responsible for its protective effect 
      against air pollutants exposure may be long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC 
      PUFA), antioxidant vitamins, carotenoids, flavonoids, immunoglobins, and 
      cytokines, some of which have concentrations that are diet-dependent. However, 
      maternal exposure to air pollution is related to increased breastmilk 
      concentrations of pollutants (e.g., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or 
      heavy metals in particulate matter (PM)). Nonetheless, environmental studies have 
      confirmed that breastmilk's protective effects outweigh its potential health risk 
      to the infant. Mothers should be encouraged and supported to breastfeed their 
      infants due to its unique health benefits, as well as its limited ecological 
      footprint, which is associated with decreased waste production and the emission 
      of pollutants.
FAU - Zielinska, Monika A
AU  - Zielinska MA
AD  - Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw 
      University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, 
      Poland. monika_zielinska@sggw.pl.
FAU - Hamulka, Jadwiga
AU  - Hamulka J
AD  - Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw 
      University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, 
      Poland. jadwiga_hamulka@sggw.pl.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20191029
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Int J Environ Res Public Health
JT  - International journal of environmental research and public health
JID - 101238455
SB  - IM
MH  - Air Pollution/*adverse effects
MH  - Asthma/*chemically induced/*prevention & control
MH  - *Breast Feeding
MH  - Child, Preschool
MH  - Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Infant
MH  - Infant, Newborn
MH  - Male
MH  - *Protective Factors
PMC - PMC6862650
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Keywords air pollutants
OT  - antioxidants
OT  - breastmilk
OT  - children
OT  - heavy metals
OT  - long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA)
OT  - nitrogen dioxide
OT  - ozone
OT  - particulate matter (PM)
OT  - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
COIS- The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
EDAT- 2019/11/02 06:00
MHDA- 2020/03/07 06:00
PMCR- 2019/11/01
CRDT- 2019/11/02 06:00
PHST- 2019/10/06 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2019/10/22 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2019/10/25 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/11/02 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2019/11/02 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/03/07 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2019/11/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ijerph16214181 [pii]
AID - ijerph-16-04181 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ijerph16214181 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Oct 29;16(21):4181. doi: 
      10.3390/ijerph16214181.