PMID- 31679241
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200901
LR  - 20200901
IS  - 1943-619X (Electronic)
IS  - 0278-940X (Linking)
VI  - 47
IP  - 2
DP  - 2019
TI  - Toward the Development of a Wearable Optical Respiratory Sensor for Real-Time 
      Use.
PG  - 131-139
LID - 10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2019026605 [doi]
AB  - Respiration rate is an important vital sign that can provide insight into a 
      patient's status and health progression. This information is used from critical 
      care to sports and human performance evaluation. The current state of the art has 
      demonstrated effectiveness in monitoring respiration rate with the use of 
      wearable sensors. However, their form factor, which refers to the embodiment of 
      approach, size, and shape, makes it difficult to implement within a longterm 
      monitoring setting. Problems relating to form factor, such as compliance, are a 
      major issue in collecting useful and actionable data, because they directly 
      impact comfort and ease of wear. We present a new approach based on an optical 
      computer mouse sensor that can be rendered into a slim, wearable device without 
      the need for a harness or shirt to hold the sensor in place. Its main objective 
      is to achieve similar or better readings than those of the state of the art while 
      reducing the overall size and thus, improve compliance by making it easier, more 
      comfortable to wear. The principle of operation of the sensor allows for enhanced 
      signal and computational noise reduction for movement artifacts. The sensor was 
      tested to determine its limits of detection and was calibrated to expected 
      distance of movement. Then, observations were made under normal breathing 
      conditions, apnea, deep breathing, and hyperventilation covering a spectrum of 0 
      to 45 breathings per minute (BPM). The performance of the device was described by 
      using the mean average error which was 0.37 and 0.83 under deep breathing and 
      hyperventilation, respectively. Testing revealed that the device produces the 
      best results when worn over the diaphragm and that its readings are comparable to 
      the industry gold standard. The future version we are developing incorporates a 
      slimmer, lighter design, Bluetooth data communication to remove leads and wires, 
      adhesive electrodes and a reusable adhesive that is also waterproof.
FAU - Chavez-Gaxiola, Alejo
AU  - Chavez-Gaxiola A
AD  - School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 
      Tempe, AZ 85287.
FAU - Fisher, Zachary
AU  - Fisher Z
AD  - School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 
      Tempe, AZ 85287.
FAU - La Belle, Jeffrey T
AU  - La Belle JT
AD  - School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 
      Tempe, Arizona.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - United States
TA  - Crit Rev Biomed Eng
JT  - Critical reviews in biomedical engineering
JID - 8208627
SB  - IM
MH  - Algorithms
MH  - Artifacts
MH  - Biosensing Techniques
MH  - Calibration
MH  - Equipment Design
MH  - Humans
MH  - Limit of Detection
MH  - Monitoring, Ambulatory/*instrumentation/methods
MH  - *Optical Devices
MH  - Optics and Photonics
MH  - Reproducibility of Results
MH  - Respiration
MH  - *Respiratory Rate
MH  - Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
MH  - Signal-To-Noise Ratio
MH  - Software
MH  - Spirometry/methods
MH  - Wearable Electronic Devices
EDAT- 2019/11/05 06:00
MHDA- 2020/09/02 06:00
CRDT- 2019/11/04 06:00
PHST- 2019/11/04 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2019/11/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/09/02 06:00 [medline]
AID - 5f9be80b3e6724c3,3050bff427ac3325 [pii]
AID - 10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2019026605 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2019;47(2):131-139. doi: 
      10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2019026605.