PMID- 31703331
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200323
LR  - 20200323
IS  - 1660-4601 (Electronic)
IS  - 1661-7827 (Print)
IS  - 1660-4601 (Linking)
VI  - 16
IP  - 22
DP  - 2019 Nov 7
TI  - Sexual Exploitation as a Minor, Violence, and HIV/STI Risk among Women Trading 
      Sex in St. Petersburg and Orenburg, Russia.
LID - 10.3390/ijerph16224343 [doi]
LID - 4343
AB  - Child sexual exploitation (CSE) is a major risk factor for acquiring human 
      immunodeficiency virus/sexually transmitted infections (HIV/STI), violence and 
      other health concerns, yet few studies have examined these associations in Russia 
      until now. This study examines the prevalence of CSE (those entering the sex 
      trade as a minor) among women in the sex trade in Russia and how exposures and 
      behaviors related to violence and HIV/STI structural risks differ from those who 
      entered the sex trade as an adult. Women in the sex trade (N = 896) in St. 
      Petersburg and Orenburg, Russia were recruited via time-location sampling and 
      completed structured surveys. Adjusted logistic regression analyses assessed 
      associations between CSE victimization and HIV risk-related exposures. Of the 654 
      participants who provided their age at first sexual exploitation, 11% reported 
      CSE prior to age 18. Those who reported CSE were more likely to be organized by 
      others and to be prohibited from leaving a room or house and from using condoms; 
      three-quarters experienced rape when trading sex; a third were involved in 
      pornography before age 18 and they had less education if they entered the sex 
      trade as a minor. In adjusted analyses, those entering the sex trade as a minor 
      were significantly more likely than those entering the sex trade as an adult to 
      report drug use prior to age 18 (AOR = 5.75, 95% CI = 2.53-13.09) to have >/=5 
      clients/day (past 12 months; AOR = 3.55, 95% CI = 1.56-8.08), to report receiving 
      police assistance (AOR: 3.10, 95% CI = 1.26-7.54), and to have fewer experiences 
      of police extortion (AOR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.10-1.24). They were four times more 
      likely to participate in pornography before the age of 18 (AOR = 4.08, 95% CI = 
      1.32, 12.60) and three times more likely to have been sexually abused as child 
      (AOR = 2.93, 95% CI = 1.27, 7.54). Overall, entry as a minor was related to 
      greater risk for victimization and an inability to protect oneself from STI/HIV.
FAU - Urada, Lianne A
AU  - Urada LA
AD  - Department of Medicine, Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of 
      California, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0507, La Jolla, CA 92093-050, USA.
AD  - School of Social Work, San Diego State University; 5500 Campanile Dr., Hepner 
      Hall Room 119, San Diego, CA 92182-4119, USA.
FAU - Rusakova, Maia
AU  - Rusakova M
AD  - Department of Sociology, St Petersburg University, Universitetskaya Emb., 7-9, 
      St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
FAU - Odinokova, Veronika
AU  - Odinokova V
AD  - Sociological Institute, Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology, 
      Russian Academy of Sciences, st. 7th Krasnoarmeyskaya, 25/14, St. Petersburg 
      190005, Russia.
FAU - Tsuyuki, Kiyomi
AU  - Tsuyuki K
AD  - Department of Medicine, Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of 
      California, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0507, La Jolla, CA 92093-050, USA.
FAU - Raj, Anita
AU  - Raj A
AD  - Department of Medicine, Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of 
      California, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0507, La Jolla, CA 92093-050, USA.
FAU - Silverman, Jay G
AU  - Silverman JG
AD  - Department of Medicine, Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of 
      California, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0507, La Jolla, CA 92093-050, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - K01 AA025009/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - K01 DA036439/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - K01 DA 036439/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - K01 AA 025009/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20191107
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Int J Environ Res Public Health
JT  - International journal of environmental research and public health
JID - 101238455
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Adult
MH  - Child Abuse, Sexual/*statistics & numerical data
MH  - Condoms/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Cross-Sectional Studies
MH  - Female
MH  - HIV Infections/transmission
MH  - Humans
MH  - Risk Factors
MH  - Russia
MH  - Sex Work/*statistics & numerical data
MH  - Sexual Behavior/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Sexually Transmitted Diseases
MH  - Substance-Related Disorders
MH  - Surveys and Questionnaires
MH  - Violence/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Young Adult
PMC - PMC6888172
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - HIV
OT  - Russia
OT  - child sexual exploitation
OT  - human trafficking
OT  - sex trade
OT  - violence victimization
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the 
      design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in 
      the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
EDAT- 2019/11/11 06:00
MHDA- 2020/03/24 06:00
PMCR- 2019/11/01
CRDT- 2019/11/10 06:00
PHST- 2019/09/22 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2019/10/24 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2019/10/31 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/11/10 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2019/11/11 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/03/24 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2019/11/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ijerph16224343 [pii]
AID - ijerph-16-04343 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ijerph16224343 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Nov 7;16(22):4343. doi: 
      10.3390/ijerph16224343.