PMID- 31708368
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210816
LR  - 20210816
IS  - 1873-4588 (Electronic)
IS  - 0892-1997 (Linking)
VI  - 35
IP  - 4
DP  - 2021 Jul
TI  - Comparing Contemporary Commercial and Classical Styles: Emotion Expression in 
      Singing.
PG  - 570-580
LID - S0892-1997(19)30209-7 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.jvoice.2019.10.002 [doi]
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study examines the acoustic correlates of the vocal expression of 
      emotions in contemporary commercial music (CCM) and classical styles of singing. 
      This information may be useful in improving the training of interpretation in 
      singing. STUDY DESIGN: This is an experimental comparative study. METHODS: Eleven 
      female singers with a minimum of 3 years of professional-level singing training 
      in CCM, classical, or both styles participated. They sang the vowel [a:] at three 
      pitches (A(3) 220Hz, E(4) 330Hz, and A(4) 440Hz) expressing anger, sadness, joy, 
      tenderness, and a neutral voice. Vowel samples were analyzed for fundamental 
      frequency (fo) formant frequencies (F1-F5), sound pressure level (SPL), spectral 
      structure (alpha ratio = SPL 1500-5000 Hz-SPL 50-1500 Hz), harmonics-to-noise 
      ratio (HNR), perturbation (jitter, shimmer), onset and offset duration, sustain 
      time, rate and extent of fo variation in vibrato, and rate and extent of 
      amplitude vibrato. RESULTS: The parameters that were statistically significantly 
      (RM-ANOVA, P </= 0.05) related to emotion expression in both genres were SPL, alpha 
      ratio, F1, and HNR. Additionally, for CCM, significance was found in sustain 
      time, jitter, shimmer, F2, and F4. When fo and SPL were set as covariates in the 
      variance analysis, jitter, HNR, and F4 did not show pure dependence on 
      expression. The alpha ratio, F1, F2, shimmer apq5, amplitude vibrato rate, and 
      sustain time of vocalizations had emotion-related variation also independent of 
      fo and SPL in the CCM style, while these parameters were related to fo and SPL in 
      the classical style. CONCLUSIONS: The results differed somewhat for the CCM and 
      classical styles. The alpha ratio showed less variation in the classical style, 
      most likely reflecting the demand for a more stable voice source quality. The 
      alpha ratio, F1, F2, shimmer, amplitude vibrato rate, and the sustain time of the 
      vocalizations were related to fo and SPL control in the classical style. The only 
      common independent sound parameter indicating emotional expression for both 
      styles was SPL. The CCM style offers more freedom for expression-related changes 
      in voice quality.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2019 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights 
      reserved.
FAU - Hakanpaa, Tua
AU  - Hakanpaa T
AD  - Speech and Voice Research Laboratory, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere 
      University, Tampere, Finland. Electronic address: Tua.Hakanpaa@tuni.fi.
FAU - Waaramaa, Teija
AU  - Waaramaa T
AD  - Speech and Voice Research Laboratory, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere 
      University, Tampere, Finland.
FAU - Laukkanen, Anne-Maria
AU  - Laukkanen AM
AD  - Speech and Voice Research Laboratory, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere 
      University, Tampere, Finland.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20191108
PL  - United States
TA  - J Voice
JT  - Journal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation
JID - 8712262
SB  - IM
MH  - Emotions
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Singing
MH  - Speech Acoustics
MH  - *Voice
MH  - Voice Quality
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Acoustic analyses
OT  - Emotion expression
OT  - Singing voice
OT  - Song genre
OT  - Voice quality
EDAT- 2019/11/12 06:00
MHDA- 2021/08/17 06:00
CRDT- 2019/11/12 06:00
PHST- 2019/06/14 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2019/10/01 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2019/10/02 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/11/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/08/17 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2019/11/12 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S0892-1997(19)30209-7 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.jvoice.2019.10.002 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Voice. 2021 Jul;35(4):570-580. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2019.10.002. Epub 2019 Nov 
      8.