PMID- 31771499 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20200511 LR - 20200511 IS - 1477-0393 (Electronic) IS - 0748-2337 (Linking) VI - 35 IP - 10 DP - 2019 Oct TI - Prediction of the skin sensitization potential of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate, oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl) guanidinium chloride, triclosan, and mixtures of these compounds with the excipient propylene glycol through the local lymph node assay: BrdU-FCM. PG - 638-646 LID - 10.1177/0748233719884853 [doi] AB - The guanidine family of antimicrobial agents, which includes polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG) and oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl) guanidinium chloride (PGH), and chlorophenol biocidal chemicals such as 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether (triclosan) are used in various occupational and environmental biocidal applications. The excipient propylene glycol (PG) is used to dissolve the active ingredients. The skin sensitization (SS) potential of these substances has not been systemically investigated and is still debated. Moreover, mixtures of PHMG, PGH, or triclosan with PG have not been evaluated for SS potency. An in vivo assay known as the local lymph node assay: 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine-flow cytometry method (LLNA: BrdU-FCM) was recently adopted as an alternative testing method and was used to address these issues. Via the LLNA: BrdU-FCM, PHMG, PGH, and triclosan were predicted to be sensitizers, while PG was predicted to be a nonsensitizer. In addition, d-limonene, which is used as a flavoring in various consumer products, was also predicted to be a sensitizer, although no unanimous conclusion has been reached regarding its SS potential. Mixtures of PHMG, PGH, triclosan, or d-limonene with PG at ratios of 9:1, 4:1, and 1:4 (w/w) were all positive in terms of SS potential, indicating that the PG excipient does not influence the SS predictions of these chemicals. Since humans can be occupationally and environmentally exposed to mixtures of excipients with active ingredients, the present study may give insight into further investigations of the SS potentials of various chemical mixtures. FAU - Joo, Su-Jeong AU - Joo SJ AD - Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea. FAU - Gautam, Ravi AU - Gautam R AD - Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea. FAU - Lee, JaeHee AU - Lee J AD - Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea. FAU - Kim, HyeonJi AU - Kim H AD - Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea. FAU - Yang, SuJeong AU - Yang S AD - Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea. FAU - Jo, JiHun AU - Jo J AD - Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea. AD - DragonImmuno Inc., Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea. FAU - Acharya, Manju AU - Acharya M AD - Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea. FAU - Maharjan, Anju AU - Maharjan A AD - Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea. FAU - Kim, YeonGyeong AU - Kim Y AD - Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea. FAU - Lim, Yeon-Mi AU - Lim YM AD - Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea. FAU - Kim, ChangYul AU - Kim C AD - Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea. AD - DragonImmuno Inc., Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea. FAU - Kim, HyoungAh AU - Kim H AD - Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. FAU - Heo, Yong AU - Heo Y AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2072-7410 AD - Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea. AD - DragonImmuno Inc., Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PL - England TA - Toxicol Ind Health JT - Toxicology and industrial health JID - 8602702 RN - 0 (Excipients) RN - 0 (Guanidines) RN - 0 (Polymers) RN - 0 (Propylene Glycols) RN - 0 (oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)-ethoxyethyl)guanidinium-chloride) RN - 31961-54-3 (polyhexamethyleneguanidine) RN - 4NM5039Y5X (Triclosan) RN - 9MC3I34447 (Limonene) SB - IM MH - Animals MH - Dose-Response Relationship, Drug MH - Excipients/adverse effects/chemistry MH - Female MH - Guanidines/*adverse effects/chemistry MH - Hypersensitivity, Immediate/*chemically induced MH - Limonene MH - Local Lymph Node Assay MH - Mice MH - Mice, Inbred BALB C MH - Polymers/*adverse effects/chemistry MH - Propylene Glycols/*adverse effects/chemistry MH - Skin/*drug effects MH - Triclosan/*adverse effects/chemistry OTO - NOTNLM OT - LLNA: BrdU-FCM OT - oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl) guanidinium chloride OT - polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate OT - propylene glycol mixture OT - skin sensitization alternative method OT - triclosan EDAT- 2019/11/28 06:00 MHDA- 2020/05/12 06:00 CRDT- 2019/11/28 06:00 PHST- 2019/11/28 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2019/11/28 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2020/05/12 06:00 [medline] AID - 10.1177/0748233719884853 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Toxicol Ind Health. 2019 Oct;35(10):638-646. doi: 10.1177/0748233719884853.