PMID- 31827651
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200501
LR  - 20200501
IS  - 1875-8630 (Electronic)
IS  - 0278-0240 (Print)
IS  - 0278-0240 (Linking)
VI  - 2019
DP  - 2019
TI  - Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) and Islet Autoantibodies Are Tools to Characterize 
      Type 1 Diabetes in Arab Countries: Emphasis on Kuwait.
PG  - 9786078
LID - 10.1155/2019/9786078 [doi]
LID - 9786078
AB  - The incidence rate of type 1 diabetes in Kuwait had been increasing exponentially 
      and has doubled in children </= 14 years old within almost two decades. Therefore, 
      there is a dire need for a careful systematic familial cohort study. Several 
      immunogenetic factors affect the pathogenesis of the disease. The human leukocyte 
      antigen (HLA) accounts for the major genetic susceptibility to the disease. The 
      triggering agents initiate disease onset by type 1 destruction of pancreatic 
      beta-cells. Both HLA and anti-islet antibodies can be used to characterize, predict 
      susceptibility to the disease, innovate, or delay the beta-cell destruction. 
      Evidence from prospective longitudinal studies suggested that the underlying 
      disease process represents a continuum that begins before the symptoms are 
      clinically evident. Autoimmunity of the functional pancreatic beta-cells results in 
      symptomatic type 1 diabetes and lifelong insulin dependence. The autoantibodies 
      against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), insulinoma antigen-2 (IA-2A), insulin 
      (IAA), and zinc transporter-8 (ZnT-8A) comprise the most reliable biomarkers for 
      type 1 diabetes in both children and adults. Although Kuwait is the second among 
      the top 10 countries with a high incidence rate of type 1 diabetes, there have 
      been no proper diagnostic and prediction tools as per the World Health 
      Organization. The Kuwaiti Type 1 Diabetes Study (KADS) was initiated to 
      understand the disease pathogenesis as well as the HLA and anti-islet 
      autoantibody profile of type 1 diabetes in Kuwait. Understanding the disease 
      sequela in a homogenous gene pool and highly consanguineous population of 
      Kuwaitis could help solve the challenges and pathogenesis, as well as hasten the 
      prevention, of type 1 diabetes.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2019 Mohamed Jahromi and Ebaa Al-Ozairi.
FAU - Jahromi, Mohamed
AU  - Jahromi M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2810-7358
AD  - Sahatoke Center, Manama, Bahrain.
AD  - Clinical Research, Medical Division, Kuwait.
FAU - Al-Ozairi, Ebaa
AU  - Al-Ozairi E
AD  - Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait.
AD  - Medical School, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20191120
PL  - United States
TA  - Dis Markers
JT  - Disease markers
JID - 8604127
RN  - 0 (Autoantibodies)
RN  - 0 (HLA Antigens)
SB  - IM
MH  - Autoantibodies/*blood/*immunology
MH  - Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*immunology
MH  - HLA Antigens/*immunology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Islets of Langerhans/*immunology
MH  - Kuwait/epidemiology
MH  - Prognosis
PMC - PMC6886320
COIS- The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
EDAT- 2019/12/13 06:00
MHDA- 2020/05/02 06:00
PMCR- 2019/11/20
CRDT- 2019/12/13 06:00
PHST- 2019/04/12 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2019/07/15 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2019/09/20 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2019/12/13 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2019/12/13 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/05/02 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2019/11/20 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1155/2019/9786078 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Dis Markers. 2019 Nov 20;2019:9786078. doi: 10.1155/2019/9786078. eCollection 
      2019.