PMID- 31918312 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20200909 LR - 20240328 IS - 1096-0953 (Electronic) IS - 0013-9351 (Print) IS - 0013-9351 (Linking) VI - 182 DP - 2020 Mar TI - Serum concentrations of DDE, PCBs, and other persistent organic pollutants and mammographic breast density in Triana, Alabama, a highly exposed population. PG - 109068 LID - S0013-9351(19)30864-3 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109068 [doi] AB - INTRODUCTION: Although some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are considered human carcinogens, results from studies evaluating exposures and breast cancer risk have been inconsistent, potentially related to varying ages at exposure. Additionally, few studies evaluated the association between POPs exposure and mammographic breast density (MBD), an intermediate biomarker of breast cancer risk. We carried out a cross-sectional study to investigate associations between serum POPs concentrations and MBD measured in 1998 in female residents of Triana, Alabama, in a predominately African American population with high POPs exposures, particularly to p,p'-DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane). METHODS: We measured lipid-adjusted serum concentrations (ng/g lipid) of p,p'-DDT and its main metabolite p,p'-DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCCH), heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor, mirex, and aldrin for each woman in our study (n = 210). We also measured two MBD metrics, percent MBD (%MBD) and area of MBD (aMBD). Using adjusted Spearman correlation coefficients (r(s)) we evaluated correlations between %MBD and aMBD with individual POPs in the overall population and by age group (19-40, 41-54, and 55-91 years) and also estimated adjusted mean measures of MBD with 95% confidence intervals across tertiles of analytes using generalized linear models (GLM). We calculated p-values for multiplicative interaction by age group using GLM. Additional analyses excluded women with current hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use and evaluated early-life exposure (prior to age 18) during the heaviest contamination period in Triana (1947-90). RESULTS: Among all women, we found no correlation between p,p'-DDE and %MBD, but after age stratification and exclusion of HRT users, there was a suggestion of a difference by age group, with younger women having a weak positive correlation (r(s) = 0.12, p = 0.37) and older women having a weak negative correlation (r(s) = -0.12, p = 0.43); p(interaction) = 0.06. In contrast, PCBs were weakly positively correlated with %MBD among all women, with the correlation magnitudes increasing after excluding current HRT users (r(s-total PCBs) = 0.17, p = 0.03). After age stratification and exclusion of HRT users, correlations for PCBs were higher among younger and middle-age women, with only a handful of these correlations being statistically significant. For beta-HCCH, the strongest finding was a negative correlation among older women (r(s) = -0.26, p = 0.07). Correlations were positive predominantly in the younger age group for heptachlor epoxide (r(s) = 0.27, p = 0.04), oxychlordane (r(s) = 0.35, p = 0.006), and trans-nonachlor (r(s) = 0.37, p = 0.003), and largely null for the middle and older age groups; p(interaction) range: 0.03-0.05. Similar patterns were found in GLM analyses using tertiles of exposure and aMBD as the metric for MBD. Women exposed during the heaviest chemical contamination period in Triana prior to age 18 had positive correlations between %MBD and PCBs, heptachlor epoxide, mirex, oxychlordane, and trans-nonachlor. CONCLUSIONS: In this population, despite high exposures to p,p'-DDT and thus high serum concentrations of its main metabolite, p,p'-DDE, we did not find strong evidence of a positive association with MBD. In fact, there was some evidence of a negative association among older women for p,p'-DDE; a similar pattern was found for beta-HCCH. However, younger women with higher serum levels of PCBs, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, and trans-nonachlor, who were likely exposed in early life, had higher MBD. These findings should be replicated in larger studies. CI - Published by Elsevier Inc. FAU - Rusiecki, J A AU - Rusiecki JA AD - Department of Preventive Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: jennifer.rusiecki@usuhs.edu. FAU - Denic-Roberts, H AU - Denic-Roberts H AD - Department of Preventive Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA. FAU - Byrne, C AU - Byrne C AD - Department of Preventive Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. FAU - Cash, J AU - Cash J AD - University of Alabama in Huntsville, College of Nursing, Huntsville, AL, USA. FAU - Raines, C F AU - Raines CF AD - University of Alabama in Huntsville, College of Nursing, Huntsville, AL, USA. FAU - Brinton, L A AU - Brinton LA AD - National Cancer Institute Retired, USA. FAU - Zahm, S H AU - Zahm SH AD - Sheila Zahm Consulting, Formerly at National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD, USA. FAU - Mason, T AU - Mason T AD - University of South Florida, College of Public Health, Tampa, FL, USA. FAU - Bonner, M R AU - Bonner MR AD - Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA. FAU - Blair, A AU - Blair A AD - National Cancer Institute Retired, Scientist Emeritus, USA. FAU - Hoover, R AU - Hoover R AD - National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD, USA. LA - eng GR - U01 ES026132/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural PT - Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural DEP - 20191226 PL - Netherlands TA - Environ Res JT - Environmental research JID - 0147621 RN - 0 (Environmental Pollutants) RN - 0 (Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated) RN - 4M7FS82U08 (Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene) RN - DFC2HB4I0K (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) SB - IM MH - Aged MH - Alabama MH - *Breast Density MH - Cross-Sectional Studies MH - *Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene/blood MH - *Environmental Pollutants/blood MH - Female MH - Humans MH - *Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/blood MH - Middle Aged MH - *Polychlorinated Biphenyls/blood PMC - PMC7032000 MID - NIHMS1548381 OTO - NOTNLM OT - DDE OT - DDT OT - Mammographic breast density OT - PCBs OT - Persistent organic pollutants OT - Triana COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. The only disclosure we have is that one of the co-authors, SZ, worked in the past as an expert witness for the plaintiffs in litigation related to PCBs and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. EDAT- 2020/01/10 06:00 MHDA- 2020/09/10 06:00 PMCR- 2021/03/01 CRDT- 2020/01/10 06:00 PHST- 2019/05/08 00:00 [received] PHST- 2019/12/18 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2019/12/19 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2020/01/10 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2020/09/10 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2020/01/10 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2021/03/01 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - S0013-9351(19)30864-3 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109068 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Environ Res. 2020 Mar;182:109068. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109068. Epub 2019 Dec 26.