PMID- 31926130
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200804
LR  - 20200804
IS  - 1095-6840 (Electronic)
IS  - 0016-6480 (Linking)
VI  - 289
DP  - 2020 Apr 1
TI  - Identification of California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) estrogen receptor 
      variants and their activation by xenoestrogens.
PG  - 113392
LID - S0016-6480(19)30558-1 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113392 [doi]
AB  - California condors released in costal sites are exposed to high levels of 
      xenoestrogens, particularly p,p'-DDE, through scavenging of marine mammal 
      carcasses. As a result, coastal condors carry a higher contaminant loads and 
      experience eggshell thinning when compared to their inland counterparts. Given 
      that condor estrogen receptors (Esrs) are activated by physiologically relevant 
      levels of xenoestrogens, differences in vulnerability to endocrine disruption may 
      exist depending on which Esr variant(s) an individual condor possesses. This work 
      aims to characterize genetic polymorphisms in estrogen receptor genes (ESRs) in 
      California condors; one identified for condor estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) (N161S, 
      E162D) and one in the ESR2 (T114M) gene. Each variant was confirmed in individual 
      founder birds by direct PCR sequencing as well as in first generation offspring 
      to understand the introduction of the alleles into the pedigree (6 birds for ESR1 
      and 5 birds for ESR2). Site-directed mutagenesis was performed on wild type 
      receptors to produce each of the full-length ESR variants and activation of Esr1 
      and Esr2 variant and wild type receptors by xenoestrogens was compared. Maximal 
      activation of the variant form of Esr1 was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 
      response to ethinyl estradiol (EE(2)), o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDD 
      compared to wild type Esr1. For Esr2 the wild type maximal activation was higher 
      in response to o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDT. Although significant 
      differences in activation of condor Esr variants by xenoestrogens occurred at 
      high (micromolar) concentrations, they correspond to circulating concentrations 
      previously reported in coastal birds. Release and relocation of California 
      condors to the coast is a promising avenue for recovery, however, reproductive 
      problems associated with xenoestrogen exposure pose a sub-lethal threat to 
      long-term success. Based on above findings, future release decisions could be 
      informed by ESR form(s) individual birds possess to reduce deleterious effects of 
      xenoestrogen exposure and ultimately improve reproductive success in wild 
      populations.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Felton, Rachel G
AU  - Felton RG
AD  - San Diego Zoo Global, Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual 
      Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, United States.
FAU - Owen, Corie M
AU  - Owen CM
AD  - San Diego Zoo Global, Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual 
      Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, United States; Department of Cell Biology, 
      University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 
      06030, United States.
FAU - Cossaboon, Jennifer M
AU  - Cossaboon JM
AD  - San Diego Zoo Global, Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual 
      Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, United States; School of Veterinary Medicine, 
      University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Dr., Davis, CA 65616, United States.
FAU - Steiner, Cynthia C
AU  - Steiner CC
AD  - San Diego Zoo Global, Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual 
      Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, United States.
FAU - Tubbs, Christopher W
AU  - Tubbs CW
AD  - San Diego Zoo Global, Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual 
      Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, United States. Electronic address: 
      ctubbs@sandiegozoo.org.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20200108
PL  - United States
TA  - Gen Comp Endocrinol
JT  - General and comparative endocrinology
JID - 0370735
RN  - 0 (Phytoestrogens)
RN  - 0 (Receptors, Estrogen)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Birds
MH  - Female
MH  - Male
MH  - Phytoestrogens/*metabolism
MH  - Receptors, Estrogen/*metabolism
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - California condor
OT  - Estrogen receptors
OT  - Variants
OT  - Xenoestrogens
EDAT- 2020/01/12 06:00
MHDA- 2020/08/05 06:00
CRDT- 2020/01/12 06:00
PHST- 2019/10/22 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/01/03 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/01/07 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/01/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/08/05 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/01/12 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S0016-6480(19)30558-1 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113392 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2020 Apr 1;289:113392. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113392. 
      Epub 2020 Jan 8.