PMID- 32023897
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200928
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1660-4601 (Electronic)
IS  - 1661-7827 (Print)
IS  - 1660-4601 (Linking)
VI  - 17
IP  - 3
DP  - 2020 Jan 31
TI  - Monitoring Consumption of Common Illicit Drugs in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, by 
      Wastewater-Cased Epidemiology.
LID - 10.3390/ijerph17030889 [doi]
LID - 889
AB  - Southeast Asian countries including Malaysia play a major role in global drug 
      trade and abuse. Use of amphetamine-type stimulants has increased in the past 
      decade in Malaysia. This study aimed to apply wastewater-based epidemiology for 
      the first time in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to estimate the consumption of common 
      illicit drugs in urban population. Influent wastewater samples were collected 
      from two wastewater treatment plants in Kuala Lumpur in the summer of 2017. 
      Concentrations of twenty-four drug biomarkers were analyzed for estimating drug 
      consumption. Fourteen drug residues were detected with concentrations of up to 
      1640 ng/L. Among the monitored illicit drugs, 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine 
      (MDMA) or ecstasy had the highest estimated per capita consumptions. Consumption 
      and dose of amphetamine-type stimulants (methamphetamine and MDMA) were both an 
      order of magnitude higher than those of opioids (heroin and codeine, methadone 
      and tramadol). Amphetamine-type stimulants were the most prevalent drugs, 
      replacing opioids in the drug market. The prevalence trend measured by 
      wastewater-based epidemiology data reflected the shift to amphetamine-type 
      stimulants as reported by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Narcotics 
      Cooperation Center. Most of the undetected drug residues were new psychoactive 
      substances (NPSs), suggesting a low prevalence of NPSs in the drug market.
FAU - Du, Peng
AU  - Du P
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-3756-7089
AD  - Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, 
      College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
AD  - Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental 
      Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
FAU - Liu, Xin
AU  - Liu X
AD  - State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of 
      Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
FAU - Zhong, Guangcai
AU  - Zhong G
AD  - State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of 
      Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
FAU - Zhou, Zilei
AU  - Zhou Z
AD  - Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental 
      Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
FAU - Thomes, Margaret William
AU  - Thomes MW
AD  - Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, 
      Malaysia.
FAU - Lee, Choon Weng
AU  - Lee CW
AD  - Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, 
      Malaysia.
AD  - Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 
      50603, Malaysia.
FAU - Bong, Chui Wei
AU  - Bong CW
AD  - Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, 
      Malaysia.
AD  - Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 
      50603, Malaysia.
FAU - Zhang, Xuan
AU  - Zhang X
AD  - Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, 
      College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
FAU - Hao, Fanghua
AU  - Hao F
AD  - Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, 
      College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
FAU - Li, Xiqing
AU  - Li X
AD  - Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental 
      Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
FAU - Zhang, Gan
AU  - Zhang G
AD  - State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of 
      Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
FAU - Thai, Phong K
AU  - Thai PK
AD  - Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of 
      Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Queensland, Australia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20200131
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Int J Environ Res Public Health
JT  - International journal of environmental research and public health
JID - 101238455
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illicit Drugs/*analysis
MH  - Malaysia
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection/*methods
MH  - Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology
MH  - Wastewater/*analysis/*chemistry/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis
MH  - Water Pollution, Chemical/statistics & numerical data
PMC - PMC7036889
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - MDMA
OT  - Southeast Asia
OT  - ketamine
OT  - methamphetamine
OT  - substance abuse
OT  - wastewater analysis
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2020/02/07 06:00
MHDA- 2020/09/29 06:00
PMCR- 2020/02/01
CRDT- 2020/02/07 06:00
PHST- 2019/12/17 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/01/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/01/23 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/02/07 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/02/07 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/09/29 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/02/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ijerph17030889 [pii]
AID - ijerph-17-00889 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ijerph17030889 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jan 31;17(3):889. doi: 
      10.3390/ijerph17030889.