PMID- 32079270
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20200928
IS  - 1999-4923 (Print)
IS  - 1999-4923 (Electronic)
IS  - 1999-4923 (Linking)
VI  - 12
IP  - 2
DP  - 2020 Feb 17
TI  - Transport Mechanisms of Polymannuronic Acid and Polyguluronic Acid Across Caco-2 
      Cell Monolayers.
LID - 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020167 [doi]
LID - 167
AB  - Detailed knowledge of the intestinal transport of polymannuronic acid (PM) and 
      polyguluronic acid (PG) is critical for understanding their biological 
      activities. To investigate the transport in the gastrointestinal tract, PM and PG 
      were chemically modified with tyramine and conjugated with fluorescein 
      isothiocyanate (FITC) to synthesize FITC-PM (F-PM) and FITC-PG (F-PG) 
      successfully. The transport mechanisms of F-PM and F-PG across the intestinal 
      epithelial cell monolayers (Caco-2 cell monolayers) were then investigated. The 
      results demonstrated that the transport of F-PM and F-PG into epithelial cells 
      was time- and energy-dependent, which was mediated by the macropinocytosis 
      pathway and the clathrin- and caveolae (or lipid raft)-mediated endocytic 
      pathway. The transport process of F-PM and F-PG in Caco-2 cells depended on the 
      acidification of endosomes and involved lysosomes. Tubulin mediated the transport 
      of F-PM, but not of F-PG. Moreover, the absorption enhancer chitosan (CS) 
      promoted the transport of F-PM and F-PG, increasing the apparent permeability 
      coefficient (Papp) by 1.9-fold and 2.6-fold, respectively, by reversibly opening 
      the tight junction (TJ). In summary, this study provided a comprehensive 
      understanding of the transport of PM and PG in the small intestinal epithelial 
      cells, which will provide a theoretical basis for the development of PM and PG 
      with good intestinal absorption.
FAU - Wang, Yu
AU  - Wang Y
AD  - Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Weihai 264209, China.
FAU - Bai, Xu
AU  - Bai X
AD  - Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Weihai 264209, China.
FAU - Hu, Bo
AU  - Hu B
AD  - Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Weihai 264209, China.
FAU - Xing, Maochen
AU  - Xing M
AD  - Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Weihai 264209, China.
FAU - Cao, Qi
AU  - Cao Q
AD  - Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Weihai 264209, China.
FAU - Ji, Aiguo
AU  - Ji A
AD  - Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Weihai 264209, China.
AD  - School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
FAU - Song, Shuliang
AU  - Song S
AD  - Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Weihai 264209, China.
LA  - eng
GR  - ZR2017MH040/Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20200217
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Pharmaceutics
JT  - Pharmaceutics
JID - 101534003
PMC - PMC7076430
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Caco-2 cell monolayers
OT  - polyguluronic acid
OT  - polymannuronic acid
OT  - transport mechanisms
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2020/02/23 06:00
MHDA- 2020/02/23 06:01
PMCR- 2020/02/01
CRDT- 2020/02/22 06:00
PHST- 2020/01/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/02/14 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/02/14 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/02/22 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/02/23 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/02/23 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2020/02/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - pharmaceutics12020167 [pii]
AID - pharmaceutics-12-00167 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020167 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Pharmaceutics. 2020 Feb 17;12(2):167. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020167.