PMID- 32202410
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200615
LR  - 20200625
IS  - 1520-6882 (Electronic)
IS  - 0003-2700 (Print)
IS  - 0003-2700 (Linking)
VI  - 92
IP  - 7
DP  - 2020 Apr 7
TI  - Electromembrane Extraction Using Sacrificial Electrodes.
PG  - 5595-5603
LID - 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00626 [doi]
AB  - In this paper, we report the first example of employing a sacrificial electrode 
      in the acceptor solution during electromembrane extraction (EME). The electrode 
      was based on a silver wire with a layer of silver chloride electroplated onto the 
      surface. During EME, the electrode effectively inhibited electrolysis of water in 
      the acceptor compartment, by accepting the charge transfer across the SLM, which 
      enabled the application of 500 muA current without suffering gas formation or pH 
      changes from electrolysis of water. The electroplating strategy was optimized 
      with a design-of-experiments (DOE) methodology that provided optimal conditions 
      of electroplating. With an optimized electrode, 1 cm of the electrode in contact 
      with the acceptor solution inhibited electrolysis of water for approximately 30 
      min at 500 muA current (redox capacity). Further, the redox capacity of the 
      electrode was found to increase through multiple uses. The advantage of the 
      electrode was demonstrated by extracting polar analytes at high-current 
      conditions in a standard EME system comprising 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) 
      as SLM and 10 mM HCl as sample/acceptor solutions. Application of high current 
      enabled significantly higher recoveries than could otherwise be obtained at 100 
      muA. Sacrificial electrodes were also tested in mu-EME and were found beneficial by 
      eliminating detrimental bubble formation. Thus, the sacrificial electrodes 
      improved the stability of mu-EME systems. The findings of this paper are important 
      for development of stable and robust systems for EME operated at high 
      voltage/current and for EME performed in narrow channels/tubing where bubble 
      formation is critical.
FAU - Hansen, Frederik A
AU  - Hansen FA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1666-0447
AD  - Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, 
      Norway.
FAU - Jensen, Henrik
AU  - Jensen H
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6750-2716
AD  - Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of 
      Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
FAU - Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig
AU  - Pedersen-Bjergaard S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1666-8043
AD  - Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, 
      Norway.
AD  - Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of 
      Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20200330
PL  - United States
TA  - Anal Chem
JT  - Analytical chemistry
JID - 0370536
SB  - IM
PMC - PMC7310954
COIS- The authors declare no competing financial interest.
EDAT- 2020/03/24 06:00
MHDA- 2020/03/24 06:01
PMCR- 2020/06/23
CRDT- 2020/03/24 06:00
PHST- 2020/03/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/03/24 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2020/03/24 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/06/23 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00626 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Anal Chem. 2020 Apr 7;92(7):5595-5603. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00626. Epub 
      2020 Mar 30.