PMID- 32235695
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20200928
IS  - 2304-8158 (Print)
IS  - 2304-8158 (Electronic)
IS  - 2304-8158 (Linking)
VI  - 9
IP  - 3
DP  - 2020 Mar 22
TI  - Beneficial Fatty Acid Ratio of Salvia hispanica L. (Chia Seed) Potentially 
      Inhibits Adipocyte Hypertrophy, and Decreases Adipokines Expression and 
      Inflammation in Macrophage.
LID - 10.3390/foods9030368 [doi]
LID - 368
AB  - The present study aimed to determine the role of Salvia hispanica L., (chia seed) 
      fatty acid content in adipocyte lipid accumulation and human macrophage 
      immunoregulatory potential. Chia seed fatty acid was extracted using hexane by 
      the cold percolation method. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) 
      analysis showed a 3:1 ratio of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acid composition and it 
      was more beneficial for human health. We treated it with increasing 
      concentrations (0-6.4 mug/mL) of chia seed fatty acid extract to determine the 
      cytotoxicity on the preadipocytes and macrophage; no significant cytotoxicity was 
      observed. Chia seed, in 0.2 and 0.4 mug/mL doses, significantly arrested adipocyte 
      hypertrophy and macrophage foam cell development. The gene expression levels of 
      adipocyte confirmed the increased expression of adipocyte mitochondrial 
      thermogenesis related genes, such as uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1), peroxisome 
      proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PPARgammaC1alpha) and PR 
      domain containing 16 (PRDM16); and the down regulated expression of the lipid 
      synthesis related gene sterol regulatory element binding of protein-1c 
      (SREBP-1c). In addition, adipogenesis related genes, such as the proliferator 
      activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBPalpha) 
      expressions, have been down regulated by chia seed treatment. Macrophage treated 
      with chia seed-treated adipocyte condition media significantly inhibited the 
      obesity associated inflammatory genes and protein expression levels, such as 
      monocyte chemo attractant protein-1 (MCP-1), prostaglandins E2, interleukin-6, 
      plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). In 
      conclusion, a 3:1 ratio of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acid composition of chia 
      seed fatty acid content potentially inhibits lipid accumulation, and enhanced 
      fatty acid oxidation, via UCP-1 and PRDM16 expression. Macrophage recruitment to 
      adipocyte and the development of obesity associated inflammation was suppressed 
      by chia seeds.
FAU - Pandurangan, Subash-Babu
AU  - Pandurangan SB
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-3938-071X
AD  - Adipogenesis and Immunobiology Research Lab, Department of Food Science and 
      Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 
      11451, Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Al-Maiman, Salah A
AU  - Al-Maiman SA
AD  - Adipogenesis and Immunobiology Research Lab, Department of Food Science and 
      Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 
      11451, Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Al-Harbi, Laila Naif
AU  - Al-Harbi LN
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0778-922X
AD  - Adipogenesis and Immunobiology Research Lab, Department of Food Science and 
      Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 
      11451, Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Alshatwi, Ali A
AU  - Alshatwi AA
AD  - Adipogenesis and Immunobiology Research Lab, Department of Food Science and 
      Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 
      11451, Saudi Arabia.
LA  - eng
GR  - Research Center/Research Center, Deanship of Scientific Research, College of Food 
      & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20200322
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Foods
JT  - Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101670569
PMC - PMC7143507
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - adipocyte
OT  - chia seed
OT  - inflammation
OT  - macrophage
OT  - omega-3 fatty acid
OT  - omega-6 fatty acid
COIS- The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2020/04/03 06:00
MHDA- 2020/04/03 06:01
PMCR- 2020/03/22
CRDT- 2020/04/03 06:00
PHST- 2020/02/13 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/03/10 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/03/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/04/03 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/04/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/04/03 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2020/03/22 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - foods9030368 [pii]
AID - foods-09-00368 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/foods9030368 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Foods. 2020 Mar 22;9(3):368. doi: 10.3390/foods9030368.