PMID- 32244159
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200710
LR  - 20200710
IS  - 1873-6424 (Electronic)
IS  - 0269-7491 (Linking)
VI  - 263
IP  - Pt A
DP  - 2020 Aug
TI  - Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic fragments release Pb additives that are 
      bioavailable in zebrafish.
PG  - 114422
LID - S0269-7491(20)30521-2 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114422 [doi]
AB  - Plastic polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) may contain chemical additives, 
      such as lead (Pb), that are leachable in aqueous solution. The fragmentation into 
      microplastics (MPs) of plastics such as PVC may facilitate desorption of chemical 
      additives and increase exposure of aquatic animals. In this study, the role of 
      chemical additives in the aqueous toxicity of PVC, high-density polyethylene 
      (HDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) MPs were investigated in early-life 
      stage zebrafish (Danio rerio) by assessment of changes in expression of 
      biomarkers. Exposure of zebrafish larvae to PVC for 24 h increased expression of 
      metallothionein 2 (mt2), a metal-binding protein, but no changes in expression of 
      biomarkers of estrogenic (vtg1) or organic (cyp1a) contaminants were observed. 
      HDPE and PET caused no changes in expression of any biomarkers. A filtered 
      leachate of the PVC also caused a significant increase in expression of mt2 and 
      indicated that a desorbed metal additive likely elicited the response in 
      zebrafish. Metal release was confirmed by acid-washing the MPs which mitigated 
      the response in mt2. Metal analysis showed Pb leached from PVC into water during 
      exposures; at 500 mg PVC L(-1) in water, 84.3 +/- 8.7 mug Pb L(-1) was measured 
      after 24 h. Exposure to a Pb-salt at this concentration caused a comparable mt2 
      increase in zebrafish as observed in exposures to PVC. These data indicated that 
      PVC MPs elicited a response in zebrafish but the effect was indirect and mediated 
      through desorption of Pb from PVC into the exposure water. Data also indicated 
      that PVC MPs may act as longer-term environmental reservoirs of Pb for exposure 
      of aquatic animals; the Pb leached from PVC in 24 h in freshwater equated to 
      2.52% of total Pb in MPs leachable by the acid-wash. Studies of MPs should 
      consider the potential role of chemical additives in toxicity observed.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Boyle, David
AU  - Boyle D
AD  - The School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt 
      University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK; School of Biological and Marine Sciences, 
      University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
FAU - Catarino, Ana I
AU  - Catarino AI
AD  - The School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt 
      University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK; Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee, Flanders 
      Marine Institute, Wandelaarkaai 7, 8400, Ostend, Belgium.
FAU - Clark, Nathaniel J
AU  - Clark NJ
AD  - School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 
      8AA, UK.
FAU - Henry, Theodore B
AU  - Henry TB
AD  - The School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt 
      University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK; Department of Forestry, Wildlife and 
      Fisheries, and Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The University of 
      Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. Electronic address: t.henry@hw.ac.uk.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20200319
PL  - England
TA  - Environ Pollut
JT  - Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
JID - 8804476
RN  - 0 (Plastics)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
RN  - 2P299V784P (Lead)
RN  - 9002-86-2 (Polyvinyl Chloride)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Lead
MH  - *Plastics
MH  - Polyvinyl Chloride
MH  - *Water Pollutants, Chemical
MH  - Zebrafish
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Metallothionein
OT  - Microplastic
OT  - Pb
OT  - Polyvinyl chloride
OT  - Zebrafish
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2020/04/04 06:00
MHDA- 2020/07/11 06:00
CRDT- 2020/04/04 06:00
PHST- 2020/01/22 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/03/11 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/03/18 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/04/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/07/11 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/04/04 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S0269-7491(20)30521-2 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114422 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Pollut. 2020 Aug;263(Pt A):114422. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114422. 
      Epub 2020 Mar 19.