PMID- 32249594
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200922
LR  - 20200922
IS  - 1943-3530 (Electronic)
IS  - 0003-7028 (Linking)
VI  - 74
IP  - 9
DP  - 2020 Sep
TI  - Critical Assessment of Analytical Methods for the Harmonized and Cost-Efficient 
      Analysis of Microplastics.
PG  - 1012-1047
LID - 10.1177/0003702820921465 [doi]
AB  - Microplastics are of major concerns for society and is currently in the focus of 
      legislators and administrations. A small number of measures to reduce or remove 
      primary sources of microplastics to the environment are currently coming into 
      effect. At the moment, they have not yet tackled important topics such as food 
      safety. However, recent developments such as the 2018 bill in California are 
      requesting the analysis of microplastics in drinking water by standardized 
      operational protocols. Administrations and analytical labs are facing an emerging 
      field of methods for sampling, extraction, and analysis of microplastics, which 
      complicate the establishment of standardized operational protocols. In this 
      review, the state of the currently applied identification and quantification 
      tools for microplastics are evaluated providing a harmonized guideline for future 
      standardized operational protocols to cover these types of bills. The main focus 
      is on the naked eye detection, general optical microscopy, the application of dye 
      staining, flow cytometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-Ir) and 
      microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and microscopy, thermal degradation by 
      pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS) as well as 
      thermo-extraction and desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 
      (TED-GC-MS). Additional techniques are highlighted as well as the combined 
      application of the analytical techniques suggested. An outlook is given on the 
      emerging aspect of nanoplastic analysis. In all cases, the methods were screened 
      for limitations, field work abilities and, if possible, estimated costs and 
      summarized into a recommendation for a workflow covering the demands of society, 
      legislation, and administration in cost efficient but still detailed manner.
FAU - Primpke, Sebastian
AU  - Primpke S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7633-8524
AD  - Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 
      Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany.
FAU - Christiansen, Silke H
AU  - Christiansen SH
AD  - Research Group Christiansen, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fur Materialien und 
      Energie, Berlin, Germany.
AD  - Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany.
AD  - Physics Department, Freie Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
FAU - Cowger, Win
AU  - Cowger W
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9226-3104
AD  - University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
FAU - De Frond, Hannah
AU  - De Frond H
AD  - Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, 
      Ontario, Canada.
FAU - Deshpande, Ashok
AU  - Deshpande A
AD  - NOAA Fisheries, James J. Howard Marine Sciences Laboratory at Sandy Hook, 
      Highlands, NJ, USA.
FAU - Fischer, Marten
AU  - Fischer M
AD  - Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von 
      Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
FAU - Holland, Erika B
AU  - Holland EB
AD  - Department of Biological Sciences, California State University of Long Beach, 
      Long Beach, CA, USA.
FAU - Meyns, Michaela
AU  - Meyns M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2476-9001
AD  - Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 
      Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany.
FAU - O'Donnell, Bridget A
AU  - O'Donnell BA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2882-3100
AD  - HORIBA Instruments Incorporated, A HORIBA Scientific Company, Piscataway, NJ, 
      USA.
FAU - Ossmann, Barbara E
AU  - Ossmann BE
AD  - Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany.
AD  - Food Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy-Emil Fischer Center, 
      University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
FAU - Pittroff, Marco
AU  - Pittroff M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4427-5335
AD  - TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruhe, Germany.
FAU - Sarau, George
AU  - Sarau G
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9446-1358
AD  - Research Group Christiansen, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fur Materialien und 
      Energie, Berlin, Germany.
AD  - Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany.
FAU - Scholz-Bottcher, Barbara M
AU  - Scholz-Bottcher BM
AD  - Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von 
      Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
FAU - Wiggin, Kara J
AU  - Wiggin KJ
AD  - Department of Biological Sciences, California State University of Long Beach, 
      Long Beach, CA, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - United States
TA  - Appl Spectrosc
JT  - Applied spectroscopy
JID - 0372406
SB  - IM
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - FT-IR
OT  - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
OT  - Raman
OT  - Regulation
OT  - guideline
OT  - harmonization
OT  - microplastic
OT  - microscopy
OT  - nanoplastic
OT  - py-GC-MS
OT  - pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy
OT  - visually
EDAT- 2020/04/07 06:00
MHDA- 2020/04/07 06:01
CRDT- 2020/04/07 06:00
PHST- 2020/04/07 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/04/07 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2020/04/07 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1177/0003702820921465 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Appl Spectrosc. 2020 Sep;74(9):1012-1047. doi: 10.1177/0003702820921465.