PMID- 32252374
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200410
LR  - 20200523
IS  - 2072-6643 (Electronic)
IS  - 2072-6643 (Linking)
VI  - 12
IP  - 4
DP  - 2020 Apr 2
TI  - The Effects of Different Degrees of Carbohydrate Restriction and Carbohydrate 
      Replacement on Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Humans-A Systematic Review and 
      Meta-Analysis.
LID - 10.3390/nu12040991 [doi]
LID - 991
AB  - Low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) often differ in their diet composition, which may 
      lead to conflicting results between randomized controlled trials. Therefore, we 
      aimed to compare the effects of different degrees of carbohydrate (CHO) 
      restriction on cardiometabolic risk markers in humans. The experimental LCDs of 
      37 human trials were classified as (1) moderate-low CHO diets (<45-40 E%, n = 
      13), (2) low CHO diets (<40-30 E%, n = 16), and (3) very-low CHO diets (<30-3 E%; 
      n = 8). Summary estimates of weighted mean differences (WMDs) in selected risk 
      markers were calculated using random-effect meta-analyses. Differences between 
      the LCD groups were assessed with univariate meta-regression analyses. Overall, 
      the LCDs resulted in significant weight loss, reduced diastolic blood pressure 
      BP, and increased total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol 
      (HDL-C), without significant differences between the three LCD groups. Higher 
      low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations were found with the 
      very-low CHO diets compared to the moderate-low CHO diets. Decreases in 
      triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations were more pronounced with the low and 
      very-low CHO diets, compared to the moderate-low CHO diets. Substitution of CHO 
      by mainly saturated fatty acids (SFAs) increased total cholesterol, LDL-C, and 
      HDL-C concentrations. Except for LDL-C and TAGs, effects were not related to the 
      degree of CHO restriction. Potential effects of nutrient exchanges should be 
      considered when following LCDs.
FAU - Fechner, Eva
AU  - Fechner E
AD  - Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and 
      Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO 
      Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
FAU - Smeets, Ellen T H C
AU  - Smeets ETHC
AD  - Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and 
      Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO 
      Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
FAU - Schrauwen, Patrick
AU  - Schrauwen P
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0973-847X
AD  - Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and 
      Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO 
      Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
FAU - Mensink, Ronald P
AU  - Mensink RP
AD  - Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and 
      Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO 
      Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Meta-Analysis
PT  - Systematic Review
DEP - 20200402
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Nutrients
JT  - Nutrients
JID - 101521595
RN  - 0 (Dietary Carbohydrates)
RN  - 0 (Triglycerides)
RN  - 97C5T2UQ7J (Cholesterol)
SB  - IM
MH  - Cardiovascular Diseases/blood/epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control
MH  - Cholesterol/*metabolism
MH  - *Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted
MH  - Dietary Carbohydrates/*administration & dosage/*metabolism
MH  - Humans
MH  - Triglycerides/*metabolism
PMC - PMC7230871
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - LCD
OT  - adults
OT  - carbohydrate restriction
OT  - cardiovascular risk
OT  - low-carbohydrate diets
OT  - meta-analysis
OT  - randomized controlled trials
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2020/04/08 06:00
MHDA- 2020/04/11 06:00
PMCR- 2020/04/01
CRDT- 2020/04/08 06:00
PHST- 2020/01/26 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/03/30 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/03/31 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/04/08 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/04/08 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/04/11 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/04/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - nu12040991 [pii]
AID - nutrients-12-00991 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/nu12040991 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Nutrients. 2020 Apr 2;12(4):991. doi: 10.3390/nu12040991.