PMID- 32278197
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20201120
LR  - 20201120
IS  - 1873-6750 (Electronic)
IS  - 0160-4120 (Linking)
VI  - 139
DP  - 2020 Jun
TI  - Quantification of air pollution exposure to in-pram babies and mitigation 
      strategies.
PG  - 105671
LID - S0160-4120(19)34559-3 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105671 [doi]
AB  - Young children are particularly vulnerable to air pollution exposure during their 
      early childhood development, yet research on exposure to in-pram babies in 
      different types of single/double prams is limited. This work aims to mimick their 
      exposure to multiple air pollutants - particulate matter </=10 microm in aerodynamic 
      diameter (PM(10)), </=2.5 microm (PM(2.5); fine particles), </=1 microm (PM(1)), </=0.10 microm 
      (measured as particle number concentration, PNC) - in three different types of 
      prams (single pram facing the road; single pram facing parents; double pram 
      facing the road). We also assessed the differences in exposure concentrations 
      between typical adult and in-pram baby breathing height via simultaneous 
      measurements besides assessing their physico-chemical properties (morphology and 
      elemental composition). In addition, we analysed the impact of pram covers in 
      mitigating in-pram exposure concentrations of selected pollutants. We carried out 
      a total of 89 single runs, repeating on a 2.1 km long pre-defined route between 
      an origin-destination pair (the University of Surrey to a local school) during 
      the morning (08:00-10:00 h; local time) and afternoon (15:00-17:00 h) hours. 
      These run simulated morning drop-off and afternoon pick-off times of school 
      children. Overall, the experimental runs took about 66 h and covered the total 
      length of 145 km. Substantial variability is observed in measured concentrations 
      of different pollutants within each run (e.g., up to 290-times for PNC) and 
      between different runs performed during different times of the day (e.g., ~62% 
      variability in average PNC; ~7% for PM(1) and 8% for PM(2.5) during morning 
      versus afternoon). The average in-pram concentration of fine particles was always 
      higher by up to 44% compared with adult breathing height during both morning and 
      afternoon runs. The comparison of exposure concentrations at two different 
      sitting heights of double pram showed that PNC concentrations were higher by 
      about 72% at the bottom seat compared to the top seat. Scanning electron 
      microscope (SEM) analysis of PM(2.5-10) revealed traces of brake wear, tyre wear 
      and re-suspended dust minerals with the predominance of brake and tyre wear 
      emissions at baby height compared with a relatively larger share of earth crust 
      elements at adult height. For mitigation measures, pram covers reduced 
      concentrations of small-sized particles by as much as 39% (fine particles) and 
      43% (coarse particles). Our results reinforce the need for mitigating exposures 
      to in-pram babies, especially at urban pollution hotspots such as busy congested 
      roads, bus stops, and traffic intersections.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
FAU - Sharma, Ashish
AU  - Sharma A
AD  - Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and 
      Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, 
      University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
FAU - Kumar, Prashant
AU  - Kumar P
AD  - Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and 
      Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, 
      University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom. Electronic address: 
      P.Kumar@surrey.ac.uk.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20200408
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Environ Int
JT  - Environment international
JID - 7807270
RN  - 0 (Air Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Particulate Matter)
RN  - 0 (Vehicle Emissions)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - *Air Pollutants/analysis
MH  - *Air Pollution/analysis/prevention & control
MH  - Child
MH  - Child, Preschool
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Humans
MH  - Infant
MH  - Particle Size
MH  - Particulate Matter/analysis
MH  - Vehicle Emissions/analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Baby pram
OT  - Double pram
OT  - Particulate matter exposure
OT  - Pram covers
OT  - Ultrafine particles
EDAT- 2020/04/12 06:00
MHDA- 2020/11/21 06:00
CRDT- 2020/04/12 06:00
PHST- 2019/12/04 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/02/09 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/03/16 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/04/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/11/21 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/04/12 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S0160-4120(19)34559-3 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105671 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Int. 2020 Jun;139:105671. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105671. Epub 2020 
      Apr 8.