PMID- 32326385
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210127
LR  - 20210127
IS  - 2072-6643 (Electronic)
IS  - 2072-6643 (Linking)
VI  - 12
IP  - 4
DP  - 2020 Apr 15
TI  - Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Anthocyanins of Trifolium pratense 
      (Red Clover) in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW-267.4 Macrophages.
LID - 10.3390/nu12041089 [doi]
LID - 1089
AB  - Red clover (Trifolium pratense) possesses various dietary compounds that improve 
      human health. However, the functions of anthocyanins in red clover remain 
      unclear. Here we examined anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of red clover 
      extract (RC) and red clover anthocyanins fraction (RCA) using lipopolysaccharide 
      (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages and identified dietary compounds. RC and RCA 
      suppressed LPS-induced expression of genes such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha, 
      interleukin (IL)1beta, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), monocyte 
      chemoattractant protein (MCP)1, and cyclooxygenase (COX)2. LPS-stimulated 
      intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production also was prevented by both 
      RC and RCA. NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) gene and phosphorylation of p47(phox) of NOX1 
      that were increased by LPS were inhibited in the cells treated with RCA. 
      LPS-stimulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) gene expression 
      and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) subunit p65 were 
      suppressed together with reduced iNOS and COX2 proteins by RCA. Additionally, 27 
      polyphenols and 7 anthocyanins from RC were identified and quantified. In 
      conclusion, RC, especially RCA, exerted anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative 
      activities in vitro by regulating NF-kappaB and NRF2 signaling pathways, suggesting 
      that anthocyanins in red clover are the potential candidates to reduce 
      inflammation and oxidative stress.
FAU - Lee, Sang Gil
AU  - Lee SG
AD  - Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 
      48513, Korea.
FAU - Brownmiller, Cindi R
AU  - Brownmiller CR
AD  - Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
FAU - Lee, Sun-Ok
AU  - Lee SO
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4854-1346
AD  - Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
FAU - Kang, Hye Won
AU  - Kang HW
AD  - Food and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North 
      Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - NC.X-310-5-18-170-1/U.S. Department of Agriculture/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20200415
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Nutrients
JT  - Nutrients
JID - 101521595
RN  - 0 (Anthocyanins)
RN  - 0 (Anti-Inflammatory Agents)
RN  - 0 (Antioxidants)
RN  - 0 (Interleukin-1beta)
RN  - 0 (Lipopolysaccharides)
RN  - 0 (NF-E2-Related Factor 2)
RN  - 0 (NF-kappa B)
RN  - 0 (Nfe2l2 protein, mouse)
RN  - 0 (Reactive Oxygen Species)
RN  - 0 (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha)
RN  - EC 1.14.13.39 (Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II)
RN  - EC 1.14.13.39 (Nos2 protein, mouse)
RN  - EC 1.6.3.- (NADPH Oxidase 1)
RN  - EC 1.6.3.- (NOX1 protein, mouse)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Anthocyanins/isolation & purification/*pharmacology
MH  - *Anti-Inflammatory Agents
MH  - *Antioxidants
MH  - Gene Expression/*drug effects
MH  - Interleukin-1beta/genetics/metabolism
MH  - Lipopolysaccharides/adverse effects
MH  - Mice
MH  - NADPH Oxidase 1/genetics/metabolism
MH  - NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics/metabolism
MH  - NF-kappa B/genetics/metabolism
MH  - Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics/metabolism
MH  - Oxidative Stress/*drug effects/genetics
MH  - Phosphorylation/drug effects
MH  - RAW 264.7 Cells
MH  - Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
MH  - Signal Transduction/drug effects
MH  - Trifolium/*chemistry
MH  - Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics/metabolism
PMC - PMC7230587
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - anthocyanins
OT  - anti-inflammation
OT  - antioxidation
OT  - red clover
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2020/04/25 06:00
MHDA- 2021/01/28 06:00
PMCR- 2020/04/01
CRDT- 2020/04/25 06:00
PHST- 2020/02/14 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/04/09 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/04/10 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/04/25 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/04/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/01/28 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/04/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - nu12041089 [pii]
AID - nutrients-12-01089 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/nu12041089 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Nutrients. 2020 Apr 15;12(4):1089. doi: 10.3390/nu12041089.