PMID- 32344310
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20200911
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1532-2777 (Electronic)
IS  - 0306-9877 (Print)
IS  - 0306-9877 (Linking)
VI  - 140
DP  - 2020 Jul
TI  - Respiratory conditions in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Important 
      considerations regarding novel treatment strategies to reduce mortality.
PG  - 109760
LID - 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109760 [doi]
AB  - A novel virus named 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) causes symptoms 
      that are classified as coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Respiratory conditions are 
      extensively described among more serious cases of COVID-19, and the onset of 
      acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the hallmark features of 
      critical COVID-19 cases. ARDS can be directly life-threatening because it is 
      associated with low blood oxygenation levels and can result in organ failure. 
      There are no generally recognized effective treatments for COVID-19, but 
      treatments are urgently needed. Anti-viral medications and vaccines are in the 
      early developmental stages and may take many months or even years to fully 
      develop. At present, management of COVID-19 with respiratory and ventilator 
      support are standard therapeutic treatments, but unfortunately such treatments 
      are associated with high mortality rates. Therefore, it is imperative to consider 
      novel new therapeutic interventions to treat/ameliorate respiratory conditions 
      associated with COVID-19. Alternate treatment strategies utilizing clinically 
      available treatments such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), packed red blood 
      cell (pRBC) transfusions, or erthropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) therapy were 
      hypothesized to increase oxygenation of tissues by alternative means than 
      standard respiratory and ventilator treatments. It was also revealed that 
      alternative treatments currently being considered for COVID-19 such as 
      chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine by increasing hemoglobin production and 
      increasing hemoglobin availability for oxygen binding and acetazolamine (for the 
      treatment of altitude sickness) by causing hyperventilation with associated 
      increasing levels of oxygen and decreasing levels of carbon dioxide in the blood 
      may significantly ameliorate COVID-19 respiratory symptoms. In conclusion, is 
      recommend, given HBOT, pRBC, and ESA therapies are currently available and 
      routinely utilized in the treatment of other conditions, that such therapies be 
      tried among COVID-19 patients with serious respiratory conditions and that future 
      controlled-clinical trials explore the potential usefulness of such treatments 
      among COVID-19 patients with respiratory conditions.
CI  - (c) 2020 The Authors.
FAU - Geier, Mark R
AU  - Geier MR
AD  - Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, 14 Redgate Ct, Silver Spring, MD 20905, USA.
FAU - Geier, David A
AU  - Geier DA
AD  - Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, 14 Redgate Ct, Silver Spring, MD 20905, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20200422
PL  - United States
TA  - Med Hypotheses
JT  - Medical hypotheses
JID - 7505668
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hematinics)
RN  - O3FX965V0I (Acetazolamide)
RN  - S88TT14065 (Oxygen)
SB  - IM
MH  - Acetazolamide/therapeutic use
MH  - Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
MH  - Betacoronavirus
MH  - COVID-19
MH  - Capillaries/drug effects
MH  - Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy/*mortality/*therapy
MH  - Erythrocyte Transfusion
MH  - Hematinics/therapeutic use
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hyperbaric Oxygenation
MH  - Oxygen/blood
MH  - Pandemics
MH  - Pneumonia, Viral/*mortality/*therapy
MH  - Respiratory Distress Syndrome/diagnosis/virology
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
MH  - COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PMC - PMC7175905
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - 2019-nCoV
OT  - EPO
OT  - Pulmonary
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
COIS- The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or 
      personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in 
      this paper.
EDAT- 2020/04/29 06:00
MHDA- 2020/09/12 06:00
PMCR- 2020/04/22
CRDT- 2020/04/29 06:00
PHST- 2020/04/10 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/04/21 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/04/29 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/09/12 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/04/29 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/04/22 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 109760 [pii]
AID - S0306-9877(20)30765-9 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109760 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Med Hypotheses. 2020 Jul;140:109760. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109760. Epub 2020 
      Apr 22.