PMID- 32374300
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210514
LR  - 20210514
IS  - 2040-3372 (Electronic)
IS  - 2040-3364 (Linking)
VI  - 12
IP  - 19
DP  - 2020 May 21
TI  - Release of graphene-related materials from epoxy-based composites: 
      characterization, quantification and hazard assessment in vitro.
PG  - 10703-10722
LID - 10.1039/c9nr10245k [doi]
AB  - Due to their mechanical strength, thermal stability and electrical conductivity, 
      graphene-related materials (GRMs) have been extensively explored for various 
      applications. Moreover, GRMs have been studied and applied as fillers in polymer 
      composite manufacturing to enhance the polymer performance. With the foreseen 
      growth in GRM production, occupational and consumer exposure is inevitable, thus 
      raising concerns for potential health risks. Therefore, this study aims (1) to 
      characterize aerosol particles released after mechanical abrasion on 
      GRM-reinforced epoxy composites, (2) to quantify the amounts of protruding and 
      free-standing GRMs in the abraded particles and (3) to assess the potential 
      effects of the pristine GRMs as well as the abraded particles on human 
      macrophages differentiated from the THP-1 cell line in vitro. GRMs used in this 
      study included graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced 
      graphene oxide (rGO). All types of pristine GRMs tested induced a dose-dependent 
      increase in reactive oxygen species formation, but a decrease in cell viability 
      was only detected for large GNPs at high concentrations (20 and 40 mug mL(-1)). 
      The particle modes measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) were 
      300-400 nm and using an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) were between 2-3 mum, 
      indicating the release of respirable particles. A significant fraction (51% to 
      92%) of the GRMs embedded in the epoxy composites was released in the form of 
      free-standing or protruding GRMs in the abraded particles. The abraded particles 
      did not induce any acute cytotoxic effects.
FAU - Netkueakul, Woranan
AU  - Netkueakul W
AD  - Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland. 
      jing.wang@ifu.baug.ethz.ch.
FAU - Korejwo, Daria
AU  - Korejwo D
FAU - Hammer, Tobias
AU  - Hammer T
FAU - Chortarea, Savvina
AU  - Chortarea S
FAU - Rupper, Patrick
AU  - Rupper P
FAU - Braun, Oliver
AU  - Braun O
FAU - Calame, Michel
AU  - Calame M
FAU - Rothen-Rutishauser, Barbara
AU  - Rothen-Rutishauser B
FAU - Buerki-Thurnherr, Tina
AU  - Buerki-Thurnherr T
FAU - Wick, Peter
AU  - Wick P
FAU - Wang, Jing
AU  - Wang J
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20200506
PL  - England
TA  - Nanoscale
JT  - Nanoscale
JID - 101525249
RN  - 0 (Aerosols)
RN  - 7782-42-5 (Graphite)
SB  - IM
MH  - Aerosols
MH  - Cell Survival
MH  - *Graphite
MH  - Humans
MH  - Macrophages
EDAT- 2020/05/07 06:00
MHDA- 2021/05/15 06:00
CRDT- 2020/05/07 06:00
PHST- 2020/05/07 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/05/15 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/05/07 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1039/c9nr10245k [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Nanoscale. 2020 May 21;12(19):10703-10722. doi: 10.1039/c9nr10245k. Epub 2020 May 
      6.